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UAI: EPA Keeping Ethanol from Its True Lower Carbon Value

by Steve Vander Griend (Urban Air Initiative/Ethanol Producer Magazine) In a world intent on lowering carbon emissions, any positive steps lowering CO2 should receive credit. Instead, a recent Notice of Proposed

June 10, 2020 Read Full Article

Brief Filed in Case Over EPA Limits on Higher Blends

by Cindy Zimmerman (Energy.AgWired.com) An alliance of ethanol, agriculture and clean fuel organizations led by the Urban Air Initiative is challenging the EPA over regulatory barriers to higher blends of ethanol they say

May 15, 2020 Read Full Article

Notice of Proposed Rulemaking: Vehicle Test Procedure Adjustments for Tier 3 Certification Test Fuel DEADLINE: August 11, 2020

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to make adjustments to certain laboratory tailpipe emission testing procedures for automobiles, light trucks, and heavy-duty pickup trucks and vans as

April 22, 2020 Read Full Article

Reg Modlin High Octane Low Carbon Fuel Blog Series

(Natual Resources Solutions) Reg Modlin is a senior NRS Advisor and a veteran of 40-plus years in the automotive industry. In the following posts, he examines the steps that have

October 7, 2019 Read Full Article

Wondering What If — Real-World Fuels Are Needed as Part of Real-World Testing to Prove Ethanol’s Worth in Helping to Boost Octane and Lower Emissions.

by Steve Vander Griend (Ethanol Producer Magazine/Urban Air Initiative)  … While we are all glad Reid vapor pressure (RVP) relief for E15 was finalized, limiting us to E15 makes this

September 26, 2019 Read Full Article

EPA Can Go Further than E15

(Urban Air Initiative)  The Urban Air Initiative submitted comments to the EPA supporting the agency’s proposal to make E15 available year round. While this is a critical step forward and needs to

May 1, 2019 Read Full Article

Ethanol Blog: Ethanol Industry Not Impressed with General Motors’ Push on Octane Standard Legislation

by Todd Neeley (DTN The Progressive Farmer)  While General Motors representative Dan Nicholson indicated this week it was important for the ethanol industry to get behind legislation to set a national

February 18, 2019 Read Full Article

Mid-Level Ethanol Blends Are the Transportation Fuel of the 21st Century, NFU Says

(National Farmers Union)  As Congress looks to revamp and coordinate federal-level policies that govern the transportation fuels and vehicles sectors, National Farmers Union (NFU) is urging legislators to expand use of

December 27, 2018 Read Full Article

NFU Urges House Subcommittee to Expand Use of High-Octane, American Grown Biofuels

(The Fence Post/National Farmers Union)  As Congress looks to revamp and coordinate federal-level policies that govern the transportation fuels and vehicles sectors, National Farmers Union is urging legislators to expand use

December 13, 2018 Read Full Article

Improving Ethanol’s Outlook: Fuel Economy Standards Help Make the Case for Midlevel Ethanol Blends.

by Chris Bliley (Growth Energy/Ethanol Producer Magazine)  …  Automakers are responding by making smaller, higher-compression engines that demand higher octane. Improved engines are the first step toward achieving mid-level ethanol blends such

October 24, 2018 Read Full Article

Help Wanted: Job Interview for High Octane & Low Carbon

by Doug Durante and Doug Sombke (Clean Fuels Development Coalition/South Dakota Farmers Union/Biofuels Digest)  … However, we may have a unique and perhaps unprecedented opportunity for a do-over with the proposed fuel

October 11, 2018 Read Full Article

Making America Great Again Starts with the States

by David Vander Griend (Ethanol Producer Magazine/Urban Air Initiative)  Dave VanderGriend, president of Urban Air Initiative, doesn’t mince words in his column this month, calling out EPA for what he says

September 5, 2018 Read Full Article

Your Turn: South Dakota Ethanol Policy Genius

by Orrie Swayze (Argus Leader)  Sen. Kent Frerichs looked to further capitalize on the genius of our incredibly successful ethanol policy taxing imported petroleum one cent/gallon at the pipeline to fund incentives

April 2, 2018 Read Full Article

Regulatory Fixes Will Open the Market to Ethanol Quickly — How EPA Could Easily Remedy Issues with RINs.

by Adam Gustafson (Boyden Gray and Associates/Ethanol Producer Magazine)  … Such short-term fixes to high RIN prices ignore their underlying cause—EPA’s artificial constraints on the volume of ethanol that can be

March 30, 2018 Read Full Article

Delivering ‘Big League’

by Emily Skor (Growth Energy/Ethanol Producer Magazine)  … While we haven’t yet achieved Reid vapor pressure (RVP) parity for E15 and higher blends, we made dramatic headway by broadening our base

January 3, 2018 Read Full Article

Is E25 Legal in the Mini Cooper?

by Dave VanderGriend (Ethanol Producer Magazine/ICM/Urban Air Initiative)  … In an over-simplified explanation, the EPA has claimed the legal authority to regulate ethanol blends under section 211(f) of the Clean Air

November 27, 2017 Read Full Article

New Fuels, Vehicles, Both, Together: The Digest’s 2017 Multi-Slide Guide to the Co-Optima Market Transformation Project

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  The US Department of Energy initiated a project to identify and mitigate the challenges of moving new fuels and vehicles into markets. Specifically, engaging with

August 18, 2017 Read Full Article

EPA Can Improve Its Implementation of the Renewable Fuel Standard in 6 Ways: BIO

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Washington, the Biotechnology Innovation Organization called on the US EPA to “improve its implementation of RFS,” and noted six key improvements. issue its annual

May 22, 2017 Read Full Article

Biofuel Groups Ask EPA to Ease Regulatory Burdens

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  Several biofuel trade groups have filed comments with the U.S. EPA asking for changes to regulations that are hindering the growth of U.S. ethanol

May 17, 2017 0 comment Read Full Article

Renewable Fuels Are Part of an ‘America First’ Energy Plan

by Brian Jennings (The Hill/American Coalition for Ethanol)   … By every measure, increasing the production and use of homegrown renewable fuels has spurred economic growth for U.S. farmers and supported

May 4, 2017 0 comment Read Full Article

ACE Outlines Ethanol Priorities to EPA on Regulatory Reform Agenda

(KTIC Radio) The American Coalition for Ethanol (ACE) submitted a public comment addressed to Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt thanking him for establishing a Regulatory Reform Task Force to evaluate

April 14, 2017 Read Full Article

UAI Challenges CRC Ethanol Study, Calls Test Procedures Flawed

(Ethanol Producer Magazine)  The Urban Air Initiative is calling the results of a new Coordinating Research Council emissions study “one more example of the biased and flawed testing procedures used

March 31, 2017 Read Full Article

New ASTM High-Octane Fuel Standard Published

(Growth Energy)  Last week, ASTM International published an important new high-octane fuel standard, ASTM D8076 – 17, Standard Specification for 100 Research Octane Number Test Fuel for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines.

March 14, 2017 Read Full Article

Ethanol Advocates Critical of EPA Proposed RFS Revisions in REGS

by Susanne Retka Schill (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  The comment period for the U.S. EPA’s rule revisions to the renewable fuel standard (RFS) have closed, with 254 comments posted to regulations.gov regarding

February 27, 2017 Read Full Article

RFA Suggests Retool for REGS

by Cindy Zimmerman (Energy.AgWired.com)  In comments submitted this week on the Environmental Protection Agency’s proposed Renewables Enhancement and Growth Support (REGS) rule, the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) said the proposal

February 17, 2017 0 comment Read Full Article

Health Effects Institute Takes Hard Look at Ethanol vs Aromatics

by David Hallberg (Ethanol Producer Magazine/Urban Air Initiative)  Candid discussions at the Health Effects Institute offer hope ethanol’s positive emissions profile will be taken seriously, writes a UAI advisor and

February 14, 2017 Read Full Article

Repeat After Me: High Octane, Low Carbon

by David VanderGriend (Urban Air Initiative/ICM/Governors’ Biofuel Coalition)  The signs are everywhere highlighting our product and how it can find its true value as an octane enhancer while lowering carbon emissions. Using

July 18, 2016 Read Full Article

Blog: Who Killed the Only EPA Certified E85 Conversion Kit?

by Holly Jessen (Ethanol Producer Magazine) …  To write this, I talked to Chris Disher and Max Kinast.  As Disher said, it’s a story full of controversy, intrigue and lies. And, even

March 15, 2016 Read Full Article

Are You Ready for the E30 Challenge?

by Dave VanderGriend (ICM/Urban Air Initiative/Ethanol Producer Magazine)  … Watertown is challenging conventional wisdom in order for biofuels like ethanol to finally realize their true potential. Conventional wisdom says our nonflex autos

March 10, 2016 Read Full Article

Renewable Fuels Association Welcomes Auto Industry Vet Tracey King to Staff

(Renewable Fuels Association)  Auto industry veteran Tracey King has joined the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) as the organization’s new Technical Director. King will serve as the RFA’s top liaison to

February 24, 2016 Read Full Article

Blog: More Details on the High Octane Story

by Holly Jessen (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  I really enjoyed learning about research into midlevel ethanol blends from Timothy Theiss and Brian West, researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. “E25, E40

February 9, 2016 0 comment Read Full Article

Growing Beyond the RFS to Drive Demand for Ethanol

by Joanna Schroeder (DomesticFuel.com)  …  “The RFS helped kick start the significant volumes of ethanol production we see today, but we cannot rely on the RFS to ensure a continued

January 27, 2016 Read Full Article

New White Paper Identifies Opportunities for Increased Ethanol Demand: Growing Beyond the RFS Keys on Regulatory Relief

(Ethanol Across America)  Despite the effectiveness of the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) in providing an entry ramp to the fuel market, the potential for corn ethanol to contribute to meeting

January 18, 2016 Read Full Article

RFA Comments on DOE’s Innovative “Optima” Program

by Joanna Schroeder (DomesticFuel.com) The Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy (EERE) had a call for information on Co-Optimization of Fuels and Engines (Optima). The Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) submitted

January 14, 2016 Read Full Article

A Message For EPA: Get Real on Emissions and Clean Fuels!

by Doug Durante (Clean Fuels Development Coalition/Biofuels Digest)  In the aftermath of revelations of how Volkswagen had their thumb on the scale as they cheated not just the EPA, but

October 23, 2015 Read Full Article

Emissions Testing Is Broken, and Other Lessons from the VW Scandal

(Environmental and Energy Study Institute)  …  How do you create clean vehicles that consumers want to buy? All of the automakers are currently focused on this question. The Department of

October 3, 2015 Read Full Article

EESI Asks EPA to Focus on Steps to Increase Volumes of Advanced and Cellulosic Fuels

(Energy and Environmental Study Institute)  … In comments to EPA, EESI points out that when Congress was debating the Renewable Fuel Standard, the meaning of “adequate domestic supply” was defined as

August 3, 2015 Read Full Article

Court Dismisses E30 Test Fuel Case, But Decision Could Help Open Door for Mid-Level Blends

by  Laura Small (Environmental and Energy Study Institute)  On July 14, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals denied a petition from the Energy Future Coalition and other biofuel interests to

July 17, 2015 Read Full Article

Federal Court Slams Ethanol and EPA in One Ruling

by John Siciliano  (Washington Examiner)  A federal appeals court slammed the ethanol industry on Tuesday for suing the Environmental Protection Agency, and then slammed the EPA’s defense even though the

July 16, 2015 Read Full Article

EPA 'Tier III' Test Change May Complicate Achieving Fuel Economy Goals

by Lori Nicholson (IWP News)  EPA’s recent decision in its “Tier III” vehicle emissions rule to increase the amount of ethanol in certification fuel used to determine an automobile’s compliance

September 8, 2014 Read Full Article

New Strategy for Clean, High-Octane Ethanol Needed

by Dave Vander Griend (Ethanol Producer Magazine/ICM)  The industry must push for change in the way fuels are blended and tested, writes Dave Vander Griend. Growth of the ethanol industry, producers

August 12, 2014 Read Full Article

It’s Not a Sprint: Achieving Biofuel Goals Requires the Effort of a Marathon

(25 x ’25)   EPA’s release this week of the latest rule governing vehicle emissions and fuel standards is a reminder that while regulations can raise the profile of biofuels, there are no

March 7, 2014 Read Full Article

EPA Sets Cleaner Fuel and Car Standards, Slashing Air Pollution and Providing Health Benefits to Thousands

(US Environmental Protection Agency)  Based on extensive input from the public and a broad range of stakeholders, including public health groups, auto manufacturers, refiners, and states, the U.S. Environmental Protection

March 3, 2014 Read Full Article

RFA Comments on Proposed Tier 3 Rule

by Cindy Zimmerman (DomesticFuel.com)  …Kelly Davis, RFA Director of Regulatory Affairs, says they support the timely implementation of the Tier 3 standards especially the proposal to establish E15 as the

July 8, 2013 Read Full Article

Squeezing More From Ethanol

by Matthew L. Wald (The New York Times)  Faced with a crop of lemons — too much ethanol, a population of cars not tuned to burn it effectively and a

May 6, 2013 Read Full Article

Hyundai Tech Center Expansion to Allow More Emissions Testing

by Alisa Priddle (Detroit Free Press)  An expansion of Hyundai’s eight-year-old technical center in Superior Township, east of Ann Arbor, will require 50 new jobs and enable more vehicle emission

April 29, 2013 Read Full Article

EPA Tier 3 Rules Lower Sulfur Content, Assume E15 to Replace E10

by Susanne Retka Schill (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  The U.S. EPA has proposed Tier 3 emission standards for cars and gasoline. The new goals for lower sulfur content got the attention

April 8, 2013 Read Full Article

Butanol Producers Target Biofuels Market

by Philip Brasher (Argus Leader)  … A top official with the Environmental Protection Agency, which regulates motor fuels, told lawmakers recently butanol is one of the nation’s “most promising biofuels.” However,

November 15, 2011 Read Full Article

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farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Honge tree nuts Hong Kong hops horse bedding horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 Hybrid aircraft hybrids hydrocarbon fuels hydrofaction Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogen fuel cells hydrogenolysis hydrogen price hydrogen pumps hydropower hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois illuppai ILUC (Indirect Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indiana Indian beech tree Indian grass indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial ethanol industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insects insurance integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine International international balance of payments International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 Jetfuel (Sustainable Alternative Jetfuel (SAJF)/Renewable Jetfuel (RJF) Jimmy Carter Jobs jojoba Jordan JP-4 JP-5 JP-8 JP-10 juniper jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kamani Kansas Kans grass Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kero kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels Labrador lactose Lake County lamp oil landfill methane Landfills land ownership land prices land rights landscape land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars Lipid liquefaction liquid liquidation liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louisiana low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M3 M15 M50 M100 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land Marine/Maritime Biofuel marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Gas Oil (MGO) market forces marketing markets/sales market share Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute Massachusetts mass balance standard Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methan methanation methane/biomethane methane leaks methanization Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methanol price Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover minerals mining Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molybdenum Monaco Mongolia mongongo Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed Myanmar n-butanol nahar Namibia nano nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials nano particles naphtha/bionaphtha NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oilheat Research Alliance National Park Service National Research Council National Science Foundation (NSF) national security National Transportation Safety Board Native American tribes natural gas Natural Gas Act natural gas input natural gasoline natural gas prices natural gas vehicles Navy Nebraska neem negative carbon emissions neodymium Nepal net energy balance Netherlands Nevada New Brunswick Newfoundland new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory North Korea Northwest Territories Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds NTSB nuclear Nunavut nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition nut shells oak oat hulls oats oat straw Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement Oils oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes Oklahoma olefins olive cake olive oil olive pits olives olive water Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peaches 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equipment price price of water prickly pear Prince Edward Island process flow diagram producer tax credit Production tax credit productivity project insurance propagating Propane/Biopropane/Renewable Propane propanol property insurance propylene protectionism protein protests public comments public health policy Puerto Rico pulp Pulp/Paper Mill pump retrofit kit pumps pungam Punnai tree pyrolysis Q-RIN QAP Qatar quality assurance Quality Assurance Plans (QAPs) quality improvement quantum dots Quebec Queensland quote of the week r R33 rabbits race radiata pine Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing railroad rainforest rain tree RAND rare earth metal RD20 RD30 RD99 RD100 reclaimed mine lands recycled oil recycled plastics recycling red algae redcedar Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation refineries reforestation Reformate regenerative braking regenerative farming regulations Regulations-Federal Regulations-State Regulatory Enhancement Growth Support (REGS) Reid vapor 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obligation (RVO) replacement molecules Repowering Assistance Program repurpose research and development research facility resiliency resource depletion retail retrofit return on investment R Factor RFI (Request for Information) RFS "reset" RHD100 Rhizosphere Observations Optimizing Terrestrial Sequestration (ROOTS) Rhode Island Ricardo rice rice bran oil rice hulls rice husks rice price rice straw RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) RIMPAC RINs (Renewable Identification Numbers) RINs markets RINs price risk management RJ-4 RJ-6 RME (rape methyl ester) RME180 RNA (Ribonucleic acid) roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rotation crops royalties RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass s saccharification Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC SAK Salicornia salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar sal tree salt water Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Policy Scotland scum sea level rise seashore mallow seawater Seaweed/Macroalgae seaweed cultivation Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed-to-wheel seed husks Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil shark oil sheep shipping shipping containers shipworm Sierra Leone silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver silver maple simarouba Singapore sisal SK slash Slovakia Slovakia/Slovak Republic Slovenia sludge Small Business Administration small engines small refinery exemption (SRE) smog smokestack soap Social social cost social value social venture Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) soi soil soil amendments soil carbon soil health soil microbial biomass solar-to-fuels solar biofuels solar energy solar 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fluid supercritical hydrolysis supply agreements supply chain Supreme Court surahart Suriname sustai Sustainability Swaziland Sweden sweetgum sweet potatoes Sweet sorghum swine waste Switchgrass Switzerland sycamore syngas syngas fermentation synthetic biology synthetic diesel synthetic gasoline synthetic liquified gas (SLG) synthetic methane Syria Tailoring Rule Taiwan Tajikistan tall fescue tall oil tallow tallow tree Tamarix tank-to-wheel tank cars tankers tanker trucks Tanzania tariffs taro tar sands Tasmania tax benefit tax credit taxes tax incentives tax parity tax policy tea teach-the-teacher teacher teacher resources teacher training technical course Technical Readiness Levels technology transfer tech transfer telephone utility poles Tennessee termites terpenes terrestrial carbon testing Texas textbook Thailand theft therapeutics thermal deoxygenation thermocatalytic conversion thermochemical conversion Tier 3 Tier 4 tilapia tillage Timor-Leste tires tobacco tobacco tree Togo 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