Global Diesel Disruptions Ripple through US Refining, Biofuel Markets

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September 22, 2026
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by Ana Hernandez and Carlos Castillo (S&P Global) US refiners maximize diesel production output; BO-HO spread plunges to seven-year low level; D4 RIN credits fall 16% amid price pressure

Global supply disruptions have propelled US diesel prices higher, prompting refiners to increase output while reshaping the economics of biodiesel, renewable diesel and D4 RIN credits.

Since the US-Iran conflict began in late February, reduced global oil supplies have driven the benchmark US Gulf Coast ultra-low sulfur diesel price up by more than $2.10/gal, or 77%.

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The latest price surge followed Russia's decision to extend restrictions on diesel exports through the end of October after Ukrainian strikes disrupted the country's refineries. The measures intend to stabilize Russia's domestic fuel market by restricting diesel, marine fuel and gasoil.

Those disruptions have increased demand for US barrels and created profitable export arbitrage opportunities. At the same time, low domestic inventories have added upward pressure to prices.

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US refiners have responded by maximizing diesel output.

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Much of that additional supply is being pulled into the export market. 

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The surge in petroleum diesel prices has also reshaped the economics of producing and blending biodiesel and renewable diesel. That shift is reflected in the BO-HO spread between CBOT soybean oil and NYMEX ULSD, which has fallen to its lowest level in seven years.

The BO-HO is used by the biodiesel industry to gauge production costs and margins. A lower BO-HO spread encourages biodiesel producers to maximize production. Conversely, as the BO-HO increases, the cost to produce biodiesel rises, leading to a decline in overall blending economics and unfavorable margins.

The BO-HO spread has plunged by more than 72 cents/gal, or 110%, since the start of September. Platts assessed the spread at minus 6.83 cents/gal on Sept. 18, its lowest level since May 2019.

The decline primarily reflected the sharp increase in diesel values. Over the same period, US Gulf Coast ULSD rose by more than 21 cents/gal, or 4.56%, after reaching an all-time high of $5.18/gal on Sept. 15.

The industry entered September with biomass-based diesel production already elevated. The latest EIA data showed biodiesel production had increased 42% since the start of the year to 129 million gallons in May. Renewable diesel production rose by more than 62% over the same period to 318 million gallons.

Both fuels generate D4 Renewable Identification Number credits under the Environmental Protection Agency's Renewable Fuel Standard. Obligated parties, including gasoline and diesel producers and importers, use RINs to demonstrate compliance with renewable fuel blending requirements.

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As the lower BO-HO spread strengthened incentives to produce biomass-based diesel and generate associated credits, D4 RIN prices came under pressure. D4 RINs fell 36.75 cents, or 16%, between Sept. 1 and Sept. 18, when Platts assessed them at $1.9275/RIN, down 13 cents from the previous day.

EPA data released on Sept. 17 showed a drop in August RIN generation, with D4 RIN output falling to a five-month low. Despite this, D4 RIN prices did not move higher, as market participants attributed the lack of upside to the low BO-HO spread, which continues to incentivize current RIN production, keeping prices low.  READ MORE

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Excerpt from Barchart: This dramatic surge has prompted prominent Republican lawmakers, including Senate Majority Leader John Thune and Iowa Senator Chuck Grassley, to publicly advocate for export restrictions, while Tennessee Representative Tim Burchett has introduced legislation that would prohibit diesel exports through January 2027.

The political calculus behind the export ban push is straightforward: diesel is the industrial backbone fuel that powers trucking, farming, construction, and freight, meaning its price ripples into virtually every consumer good. Farmers, a traditionally reliable Republican voting bloc, are experiencing acute financial strain, with Grassley warning that high diesel costs are destroying farm incomes at a time when the agricultural sector is already frustrated with tariffs and increased beef imports. 

The timing, just seven weeks before the midterm elections, has made energy costs a potent liability for the governing party, particularly in competitive races in agricultural states like Iowa.

Foreign Wars Are Coming Home to Roost

The supply crisis underlying this debate is rooted in two overlapping geopolitical disruptions. The US-Iran conflict has severely restricted tanker traffic through the Strait of Hormuz, while Ukrainian drone strikes on Russian refining infrastructure have compounded global diesel losses, prompting Moscow to extend its own diesel export ban through October. 

Middle Eastern diesel exports have been cut roughly in half compared to a year earlier, and the International Energy Agency (IEA) has indicated that lost Middle Eastern diesel output is approximately three times larger than lost Russian supply.

Despite the political appeal of an export ban, senior administration officials and industry groups have voiced strong opposition. Energy Secretary Chris Wright and Interior Secretary Doug Burgum have argued that restricting exports would likely backfire, as trading partners could retaliate with their own restrictions, ultimately shrinking global supply and driving prices even higher. 

The American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers trade group has warned that if refiners cannot move surplus product overseas, some would scale back production, reducing overall domestic supply. While an export ban might bring temporary relief in Gulf and Midwestern states for a few weeks, refineries would subsequently cut output, causing a secondary price spike.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Detroit Free Press: "The war in Iran needs to end to bring costs down – but Michigan families can’t afford to wait," (U.S. senate candidate Mike) Rogers said on social media on Monday adding his proposal for a temporary embargo on diesel exports, would "provide relief to American families first."

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Rogers also has proposed suspending the state and federal gas tax of 70 cents a gallon, which the former congressman said would benefit farmers and truckers who are spending more on fuel and passing the costs on to Michiganders.

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The Senate candidate joined other Republicans, including Sen. Chuck Grassley of Iowa, who said high diesel prices are "killing farmers' income" and urged the president to put the embargo in place. Rep. Ashley Hinson, also of Iowa and also running for the Senate, wants to suspend diesel exports.

And Senate Majority Leader John Thune of South Dakota said last week he was open to exploring a ban.

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 Politico reported on Monday that Energy Secretary Chris Wright has said restricting diesel exports would lead to “more expensive gasoline right away,” and the outlet quoted an unnamed White House official who said the administration is “not considering” such a ban or restrictions – "at this time." READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Washington Sun: President Donald Trump backed a ban on U.S. diesel exports Tuesday as pressure from Republicans grows for an embargo on the shipments to curb soaring fuel prices.

The president said he has called for the export prohibition “within my people.”

“I’ve said let’s not send out the diesel. We make a lot of diesel,” Trump said during a bilateral meeting with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. “That could have a little bit of an effect on regular automobile gasoline, because when you do that, it’s a sort of a flow, it’s a balance.”

Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent told reporters the administration is examining “whether it’s feasible in terms of the overall refining capacity and whether a full or partial ban would work.”

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Some experts argue that a ban could lead to short-term relief while creating long-term issues for the U.S. energy sector by hurting domestic refineries that produce both diesel and gasoline.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from CATO Institute: Would an export ban be legal under international trade law? Generally, quantitative trade restrictions on imports and exports are illegal under Article XI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which is part of the WTO treaty. But an exception in Article XI:2(b) of the GATT permits export prohibitions or restrictions temporarily applied to prevent or relieve critical shortages of foodstuffs or other products essential to the exporting contracting party.” This exception would seem to apply to this situation.

But even if such a ban were legal under international trade law, would it be a good idea economically? The easy political answer out on the campaign trail is “Yes.” 

However, as CNN reports, “researchers warn that an export ban would likely only provide a temporary reprieve from sky-high diesel prices and would backfire in the medium and long run. They said a ban would likely raise prices on friends and allies, jack up gasoline prices, crush US refiners, and damage America’s reputation as a reliable energy superpower.”  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Brownfield Ag News: Ag Economist Scott Irwin at the University of Illinois says expanding E15 consumption in the United States could indirectly help ease some of the pressure on diesel prices.

“To close the gap between the Renewable Fuel Standard mandate for ethanol and what we call the E10 blend wall,” he says. “Currently, that’s a gap of around 1 billion to 1.5 billion gallons of ethanol.”

Irwin says increasing ethanol use would reduce some of the pressure the RFS puts on biodiesel and renewable diesel. He says it would also drive down ethanol Renewable Indentification Number (RIN) prices and reduce the overall cost of the RFS by about two-thirds.

“It’s not a huge issue. You only have to increase the blending rate for ethanol from around 10.5 percent to 11 or 11.2 percent, and any cost worries about the RFS basically disappear.”

He says historically, it’s not an approach the energy industry has favored.

The Senate Agriculture Committee’s farm bill includes a provision allowing E15 to be sold year-round nationwide. The bill is awaiting consideration by the full Senate. READ MORE; includes VIDEO

 

Excerpt from S&P Global:           "The US is not short of diesel. The world is. The US is a structural diesel surplus producer. Refineries in the US produce roughly 5.3 million barrels of distillates per day against demand of around 3.6 million barrels per day domestically," said Patrick De Haan, head petroleum economist at GasBuddy, on Sept. 22.

Because US refineries operate as part of a globally integrated fuels system, removing diesel exports would trigger a chain reaction across refinery operations, product markets, renewable fuels and international trade flows, S&P Global analysts noted.

A proposed ban on US diesel exports could strand up to 1.5 million barrels per day of fuel in the domestic market, triggering refinery run cuts on a scale not seen since the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic and sending global diesel prices sharply higher, they said.

The warning comes as diesel crack spreads hover at record or near-record levels, driven by refinery outages in the Middle East and Russia, lower Chinese exports and seasonally tight inventories — conditions that have already boosted profits for Gulf Coast refiners while raising fuel costs for truckers, farmers and industrial users.

The unplanned outage at ExxonMobil's Joliet refinery has amplified those pressures in Midwest markets just as the harvest season gets underway, illustrating how little buffer remains in a system running at near-100% utilization.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Brownfield Ag News:  Ag economist Gregg Ibendahl with Kansas State University says the fuel market needs to work itself out.

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Ibendahl tells Brownfield, “The only long-term solution to this is really to get the Strait figured out so that we can get diesel fuel flowing there, and then get Russia so they can get their refineries built back,” Ibendahl said. “Those are going to be the long-term solutions to getting prices down.”

U.S. Energy Secretary Chris Wright said this week that restricting diesel exports could drive gasoline and jet fuel prices higher. There have been reports that the Trump administration is considering a 90-day ban on diesel exports.   READ MORE

 

Excerpt from The Heritage Foundation/The Hill:  Adding American distillate fuels into the world markets helps push global prices down, not up. But banning those barrels will raise global prices.

To clarify, a sudden isolation from world markets would drop domestic prices in the very short term and therein lies the political appeal of an export ban. But as prices fall and unsold inventory piles up on the Gulf Coast, refiners will do what any business does when margins disappear: reduce production. Less crude through the system means less diesel, less gasoline, and less jet fuel in the U.S. encouraging more investment in Chinese and Indian refineries, which already passed the U.S. in overall capacity in 2024.

Legislators should remember that refiners do not set prices; markets do.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from The Washington Post:  Railroads are taking business from truckers, while alternative fuel trucks are getting a fresh look. Big oil extractors and refiners are benefiting too, of course. But so are smaller operations that have gotten an indirect boost.

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The biggest driver of growth for Union Pacific is moving freight that could’ve gone by truck, the company said.

Diesel reached a record $6.53 a gallon this week, according to AAA’s national average. That’s up about 75 percent from a year ago.

The national average for a gallon of regular gas, meanwhile, is $4.48 — about 40 percent higher than a year ago, though still well below the $5.02 record set in June 2022.

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When diesel gets pricey, it raises the cost of transporting food and goods — anything that needs to be moved from one place to another.

Now, containers and trailers stuffed with bananas, furniture or flat-screen TVs are increasingly going by rail. This “intermodal traffic” has jumped in recent months, setting a record for U.S. railroads in August, according to the Association of American Railroads.

Railroads run on diesel, too. But freight trains are three- to four-times more efficient based on tons per mile.

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Trucking giants like J.B. Hunt Transport Services have felt pinched. Diesel prices have spiked faster than the firm’s fuel surcharges. But J.B. Hunt has seen a boost to its intermodal service.

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The company said the cost gap between trucking and trains was the largest it had seen.

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Clean Energy Fuels, a company that provides renewable natural gas for vehicles, said they were hearing more interest from trucking fleets “particularly with higher diesel prices,” according to CEO Clay Corbus.   READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Biofuels Digest:  And here is where the election story becomes a bioeconomy story. The same agricultural economy that consumes enormous quantities of diesel also supplies the corn, soybeans, animal fats, agricultural residues, and other materials from which America makes renewable fuels. The farmer is both a customer of the fuel industry and a supplier to it. The biorefinery is both a manufacturing plant and a market for agricultural production.

And the policies governing the relationship between them are being debated in the middle of an energy-price shock, with an election approaching and billions of dollars in existing and proposed industrial investments hanging in the balance.

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When crop prices are determined in commodity markets, rising operating costs compress margins unless something else moves in the farmer’s favor. The same math applies to the truck carrying grain to market, the fleet moving biomass to a conversion facility, and the distribution network delivering finished fuel to customers. Which brings us to one of the more curious dualities of the American bioeconomy: a farmer can be hurt by rising fuel costs and benefit from stronger biofuel demand at the same time. A soybean grower may wince at diesel expenses while benefiting from demand for soybean oil used in renewable diesel or biodiesel. A corn grower faces higher field costs while also supplying the ethanol market.

There is no single national answer to whether the net effect is positive or negative. But there is an undeniable industrial reality: agriculture supplies both raw materials and customers to America’s renewable fuels industry. When petroleum prices spike, that relationship moves from the background to center stage.

The alternative fuel question: Can the bioeconomy help?

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The logic is understandable: a country that produces more of its transportation energy from domestic agricultural and industrial resources has more options when petroleum markets become constrained or expensive.

But alternative fuels are not magic wands, and additional production capacity cannot be summoned into existence overnight to stop an immediate price shock. Ethanol is already blended into most American gasoline, but you can’t pour E85 into a conventional Class 8 diesel truck. Biodiesel can be blended into petroleum diesel within applicable fuel specifications and equipment requirements. Renewable diesel, when produced to the appropriate specifications, is a drop-in hydrocarbon fuel compatible with existing diesel applications. SAF addresses aviation.

A renewable diesel facility that is already operating may be able to raise output within the limits of its feedstock supply, equipment and contracts. But a project that has not yet reached Final Investment Decision cannot deliver a single extra gallon next week, no matter how attractive fuel prices become. That brings us to the policies that help determine whether those future plants ever get built.

The Renewable Fuel Standard: A market built by policy

The Renewable Fuel Standard has been a central pillar of American biofuel policy for nearly two decades. Administered by EPA, it requires specified renewable fuel volumes in the transportation pool and uses Renewable Identification Numbers, or RINs, as compliance credits.

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The 45Z question: How long is a long-term investment?

Then there is the Clean Fuel Production Credit, better known as 45Z.

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A large biorefinery can take years to develop, permit, finance, construct and commission. Investors may expect the asset to operate for decades. Now imagine a developer asking a bank syndicate to finance a $500 million plant whose financial model depends materially on tax provisions, carbon-intensity scoring, regulatory interpretations and feedstock rules that may change materially during the project’s development or operating life.

That does not automatically make the project unfinanceable. It does, however, change the price of uncertainty.

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The long clock and the short clock

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A fuel-price shock can arrive in days, yet a new production facility may take years, exposed to tax-rule variations, feedstock infrastructure development constraints, economic conditions that swirl like flurries in the Wyoming winds.

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And the investment decisions that determine what fuels America will be producing ten or twenty years from now will matter long after the last campaign text message has been deleted from our phones.

The political world has six weeks to count the votes. The farmer has a fuel bill to pay today. And the bioeconomy has a much longer job to do.  READ MORE

 

Exercpt from APROBIO:  Brazil faces a significant energy vulnerability due to importing a large portion of its fossil diesel, mainly from the United States, which generates external subsidies and risks of shortages. The warning from the Rio Grande do Sul State Agriculture Federation (Farsul) regarding reports of restrictions and delays in diesel deliveries to rural producers renews concerns about supply security at the start of the summer crop planting season.

Given this concern, APROBIO (Brazilian Association of Biofuel Producers) advocates for the voluntary use of biodiesel above the currently mandatory 15% blend (B15), which no longer requires prior authorization from the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP). A simple notification to the agency is sufficient for use in public transport, rail transport, inland and maritime navigation, captive fleets, equipment and vehicles intended for mineral extraction and electricity generation, tractors, and other equipment used in agricultural work.

Immediate increase to B17

“Another way to reduce risks is for the federal government to move forward with expanding the use of biodiesel with the immediate implementation of B17, increasing the blend to reduce international dependence as part of the solution,” highlights Jerônimo Goergen, President of APROBIO. “In this sense, the sector is mobilizing resources and efforts to accelerate the tests for increasing the blend to support the decision,” said Goergen.   READ MORE

 

Excerpt from AgWeb:  “We’re still going to do tillage on 60% to 70% of our ground,” (Ryan) Vos says. “I know that sounds high, but it’s only because we planted a lot more corn than beans this year. I would say 90% of our bean ground is not going to get tillage.”

That’s a significant change for an operation that traditionally tilled virtually every acre post-harvest.

Vos knows those untilled soybean fields will require attention next spring. The farm isn’t equipped for no-till, so he plans to make a light field-cultivator pass ahead of the corn planter.

“Our planters have to have a seedbed prepared,” he says. “We can’t just go in there and plant.”

For Vos, that makes the decision less about abandoning tillage and more about eliminating passes that aren’t essential.

The Cost Goes Beyond Fuel

The tough economics across farm country are impossible to ignore. Vos says one of his farm’s Quadtrac tractors pulling a disk ripper can burn about 400 gallons of diesel in a day. That can cost him more than $2,500 in fuel alone.

And fuel isn’t the only expense.

Drought-baked Minnesota soils have made this year’s tillage especially hard on equipment. Before receiving rain recently, Vos says the ground was so hard he was concerned about destroying shanks and points.

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Leaving more residue also provides benefits beyond reducing fuel consumption. Residue protects the soil surface and can help capture water and snow — an important consideration heading into what climatologists predict will be another dry, low-snow winter in Minnesota.

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Vos believes today’s high input costs require him to think beyond simply cutting tillage passes.

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That’s one reason he’s beginning to experiment with cover crops.

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Vos wants to see whether cereal rye can help build biological activity in the farm’s hardpan soils. He also hopes it can provide additional grazing opportunities for his beef cattle.

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“The mental toll this takes on farmers” is something people don’t always understand, Vos says.

His message to other farmers is something he hopes they hear clearly.

“It’s OK to not be OK. It’s OK to ask for help. It’s OK to struggle,” he says. “Just know that we’re all in this together, and we all feel it. You’re not alone.”  READ MORE:

 

Excerpt from Politico: Among the evolving set of options under consideration by Trump officials are measures to boost distribution of “dyed diesel,” a red-colored fuel used in agriculture, construction and for other off-road vehicles that is exempt from state and federal taxes, three people with direct knowledge of the plan said.

The White House would also encourage more states to eliminate their state-level excise taxes on diesel ahead of the midterms, according to these people.

The internal Trump administration talks are ongoing and there’s been no final decision, but officials are working to announce a diesel plan soon, the people said, and it would likely be released by early next week.

GOP governors in Nebraska and other states have already announced a series of emergency plans to waive current taxes for off-road diesel while implementing other exemptions to try to alleviate pressure on farmers and consumers.

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Earlier on Friday, GOP Alabama Gov. Kay Ivey directed state law enforcement officials to halt enforcement of the dyed-diesel rules for 120 days.

Suspending any federal-level taxes on fuel would require Congress’ action — which is very unlikely to take place before the midterms given that GOP leaders have canceled remaining votes in the House. Key GOP senators have previously dismissed calls for a federal tax holiday on gasoline, and an intense internal fight among Republicans over whether to suspend the federal gas tax died in the House before the chamber left earlier this month.

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Energy Secretary Chris Wright, who has warned that an export ban would ultimately lead to higher fuel prices, has said he’s pushing for voluntary moves on diesel from refiners to provide some relief as well, though companies say that could raise antitrust concerns or spark shareholder lawsuits.   READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Politico: President Donald Trump’s threat to curtail diesel shipments abroad comes with a risk: the perception that he’s reneging on his promise to shower the world with U.S. fuels.

That move would inflame tensions between the U.S. and Europe while jeopardizing American credibility as a trading partner, energy experts and administration allies said. And it could compel nations to seek other suppliers, limiting Trump’s ability to wield energy as a negotiating tool in the future, they added.

“This is going to damage our reputation,” said an external adviser to the Trump administration, who was granted anonymity to discuss private conversations. “The whole premise of energy dominance was that the United States would be able to supply our allies around the world. Curtailing that is going to raise question marks.”

Plans to limit U.S. diesel exports are under discussion at the White House as the fuel’s price soars because of oil supply disruptions stemming from the Iran war. The Trump administration is considering different options, from a full-scale 90-day export ban to incremental limits on outbound diesel. The idea is fiercely opposed by the oil and gas industry over worries that it could make them less competitive in overseas markets.

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The European Union has increased U.S. diesel imports to record levels because of the Iran war, with imports rising by 1.5 million barrels a day in August, a 50% increase since the conflict began in February, said David Jorbenaze, a senior oil analyst at commodities intelligence firm ICIS.

According to S&P Global Energy, U.S. diesel now accounts for 10% of the continent’s consumption.

Finding replacement supply would be extremely difficult, with refineries around the world already operating at maximum capacity, Jorbenaze said.

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“Nobody has really done any … risk analysis for [scenarios that last more] than two weeks,” the official said.

Other countries say the diesel issue is emphasizing the risks of being reliant on the U.S. as a fuel provider.

“We have a huge dependency on the United States — we have to do everything to become more independent,” Austrian Industry and Economy Minister Wolfgang Hattmannsdorfer said at a press conference on Thursday, in response to a question from POLITICO.

He said it was a sign that Europe needs to deepen its engagement with other exporting countries like Libya, Nigeria and Kazakhstan, while boosting its own output. READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Engine Technology Forum:   The numbers tell the story: About 3.9 million barrels of distillate fuel – mostly diesel – is used every day in the U.S. Diesel fuel accounts for roughly one-quarter of U.S. transportation energy use and powers 97% of the largest heavy-duty trucks. It also powers the majority of equipment used in agriculture, construction, mining, freight rail, marine transportation, and backup power generation, as well as about 1–3% of pickup trucks, SUVs, and vans.

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A diesel export ban would disrupt global fuel markets and likely drive up the costs of gasoline and jet fuel here at home, as well as create other unintended consequences for refiners and consumers. Other ideas include suspending the federal tax on diesel fuel (24.5 cents/gallon) or allowing truckers to use red-dyed off-highway fuel (without highway fuel taxes). The biggest impact on lowering diesel fuel prices will come when the global oil market returns to normalcy.

Beyond diesel fuel prices, new environmental regulations on new heavy-duty diesel trucks take effect January 1, 2027, requiring manufacturers to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions (NOx) by over 80% from current levels. About two-thirds of all trucks operating on the roads today are of the newest generation of diesels, with the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system that uses diesel exhaust fluid (DEF). These trucks use about 3–5% less fuel than older generations.

Other forms of diesel are headline news as well. Renewable diesel and other low-carbon fuels have gained attention during this time of higher diesel prices as options for lowering fuel bills and reducing carbon and other emissions. Renewable diesel now makes up more than half of all diesel fuel sold in California and can be used in any diesel engine without modification.

Diesel's role extends well beyond highway trucks and farm equipment. The rapid growth of data centers, artificial intelligence computing, and digital infrastructure has renewed attention on the role of diesel-powered backup generators. While data centers consume enormous amounts of electricity, they typically rely on diesel generators to provide immediate power during outages or grid disruptions. As investment in artificial intelligence (AI) and cloud computing accelerates, diesel is increasingly part of conversations about energy resilience and critical infrastructure.

The scale of that reliance is significant. Large data centers often deploy multiple generators capable of producing several megawatts of electricity each. As technology companies invest billions of dollars in new facilities related to AI, dependable backup power has become an essential component of keeping the digital economy running.

Diesel also remains strategically important to national defense, a role that receives less public attention but is critical to military readiness. Military vehicles, tactical equipment, ships, backup power systems, and logistics operations depend heavily on diesel and diesel-like fuels because of their safety, reliability, and energy density.

Perhaps most importantly, diesel continues to attract attention because it sits at the intersection of nearly every major economic and transportation discussion. Whether the conversation involves inflation, supply chains, emissions reductions, renewable fuels, energy policy, AI infrastructure, or the future of commercial vehicles, diesel is often part of the story.  READ MORE

 

Excerpts from Argus Media:  President Donald Trump is tempering his endorsement of a diesel export ban because of concerns that it could push up gasoline prices, as his administration raises expectations of price relief from new diesel supplies in Europe.

Trump said on Wednesday that although he was still "thinking about" a diesel export ban, he believes the US is in a "good place" because of a recent drop in crude prices and a "tremendous" volume of oil coming out of the strait of Hormuz. Trump had called for a diesel export ban last week, but administration officials have since said that an outright ban on exports is unlikely.

"It's something that we think about and we talk about every day," Trump told reporters. "But it just seems that it would have a negative impact on gasoline. So that would go up a little bit, and diesel would come down a little bit, and we think we're in a very good place."

US energy secretary Chris Wright earlier this week urged EU countries to fully follow through on commitments to release tens of millions of barrels of crude and oil products. Those pledges were part of a global release of 400mn bl of strategic stocks that IEA members agreed to in March.

On Wednesday, Wright said he expects diesel prices will "move meaningfully down in the coming weeks and days", in part because of additional supplies of diesel coming out of Europe.

"You will hear announcements from our friends in Europe about new diesel supplies that'll come to the market that'll meaningfully push diesel prices down," Wright said.

European diesel prices slumped on Tuesday on news that EU leaders could discuss releasing more emergency stock releases when they meet next month.

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Nearly 50pc of oil industry officials the Dallas Federal Reserve surveyed in a report posted on Wednesday expect it will take more than a year for the spread between diesel and crude prices to return to 2025 levels, indicating an expectation of long-term refinery bottlenecks that push up diesel prices. READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Reuters: The Trump administration has told Germany and France to draw down emergency diesel inventories to help ease soaring global fuel prices or ‌face a potential US diesel export ban, according to three people close to the discussions.

The warning marks an escalation in pressure on Europe as US President Donald Trump considers a potential ban to help bring down US fuel prices ahead of November's midterm elections.

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For the EU, releasing more stocks would represent ​a dilemma as it needs to balance the need to bring down fuel prices at home with maintaining high stocks for a possible worsening of the ​fuel crisis should Trump and Iran not reach a peace deal.

The EU's energy taskforce — made up of the European Commission and the ⁠27 EU member countries — will hold a call on Friday morning to discuss the situation, a Commission spokesperson said.

The Commission, Germany, France, Italy, Britain and Ireland already held ​a call on Thursday to discuss the possible need to release diesel stocks, two EU officials told Reuters. READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Politico:  The Trump administration’s full-court pressure campaign on Europe to release diesel supplies or face a U.S. export ban heading into the winter has split and angered European leaders, entangled oil companies and raised private charges of “blackmail.” It also appears to have worked.

Senior White House officials led a pressure campaign on European governments to open the spigot on their strategic reserves, according to 10 oil industry executives and European government officials who were granted anonymity to describe the negotiations. Their tactics ultimately led to G7 countries announcing they would release 100 million barrels of diesel and crude oil from their strategic reserves over the next four months.

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One European diplomat characterized the White House’s demands for a release against the threat of a U.S. export ban explicitly as “blackmail,” an official briefed on a call between EU energy officials early Friday told POLITICO.

“EU member states took the U.S. request as blackmail and see it as a broader security issue,” the official said.

During that meeting, officials pondered how to appease President Donald Trump without appearing to cave to his threats, and others wondered whether the president could be relied upon not to ban diesel exports even if they did agree to his demands.

Indeed, European diplomats were privately furious at the White House request. Some European capitals — including Berlin — internally pushed back against the demand in emergency talks, saying that the Trump administration’s ultimatum was a ploy to help calm a U.S. electorate angry about high energy prices ahead of the upcoming midterm elections. Trump has repeatedly said he was mulling an export ban to bring diesel prices down in the United States.

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Instead of pressing their demands via the International Energy Agency — the traditional venue for coordinated releases — U.S. officials approached countries bilaterally by phone or in person, circulating ideas and proposals that differed day by day. A request circulated by U.S. Energy Secretary Chris Wright on Wednesday in Berlin called for a release of 120 million barrels, one European official said. Late in the evening the next day, U.S. officials contacted French President Emmanuel Macron directly to demand a release of 100 million barrels, according to another official.

On top of that, Wright approached another senior European energy official to broach the subject informally during a visit to New York for the U.N. General Assembly meeting last week, that official told POLITICO. READ MORE

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Advanced Clean Fleets Rule 100 octane 100% SAF (Sustainable Aviation Fuel) 103 octane 105 octane 108 octane 109 octane 110 octane 113 octane 119 octane 2016 US House and Senate Campaigns 2016 US Presidential Campaign 2018 US Senate and House Campaigns Other Election Activities 2020 Election 2022 Election 2022 US Senate and House Campaign 2024 Election 2025 Elections 2026 Elections 2nd generation biofuels 3-D 30C alternative fuel vehicle refueling property credit 3D printing 3rd generation biofuels 4-H 40A Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel Tax Incentive 40B Sustainable Aviation Fuel Tax Credit 45Q Carbon Oxide Sequestration Tax Credit 45V Hydrogen Production Tax Credit 45X Advanced Manufacturing Production Tax Credit 45Z Clean Fuel Production Tax Credit 48C Advanced Energy Project Tax Credit 48E Clean Electricity Investment Tax Credit 4th generation fuels 7% solution 81 Octane 84 octane 85 octane 87 octane 88 octane 89 octane 90 octane 91 octane 92 octane 93 octane 94 octane 95 octane 96 octane 98 octane A20 (20% methanol/bioethanol) abatement abu Abu Dhabi acacia acai seeds acetate acetic acid acetone acid acid hydrolysis adaptive evolution additional carbon additionality adequate/inadequate domestic supply Administrative Procedure Act adsorption Advanced Biofuel Payment Program advanced biofuel prices Advanced biofuels advanced biofuels production Advanced Clean Cars II Rule (ACC and ACCII) Advanced Clean Trucks Rule advanced ethanol advanced ethanol tax credit advertising campaign aerobic digestion aerosols Affordable Clean Energy Program (ACE) afforestation Afghanistan Africa AGARDA (Agriculture Advanced Research and Development Authority) agave aggregation Agricultural Conservation Easement Program (ACEP) agricultural economics Agricultural Policy Agricultural waste/residue Agriculture agrivoltaic/agrovoltaic agroforestry agrofuels agronomy Air Force air pollution control Air Pollution Policy air quality Aircraft engine emissions airports Alabama Alaska Albania 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arabinose ARCA Archaea Architecture Arctic Argentian Argentiina Argentina Arizona Arkansas Armenia Army Corps of Engineers aromatics aromatics price ARPA-C ARPA-E ARPA-Terra arrandi artificial intelligence Aruba Asia Asia Pacific asphalt/bitumen ASTM ASTM 6866 ASTM D1655 ASTM D2880 ASTM D396 ASTM D4054 ASTM D4806 Denatured fuel ethanol ASTM D4814 ASTM D5798 ASTM D6751 ASTM D7467 (B6-B20) ASTM D7544 ASTM D7566 (Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons) ASTM D7862 ASTM D7875 ASTM D7901 (DME-Dimethyl Ether for Fuel Purposes) ASTM D8076 ASTM D8181 ASTM D975 ASTM E3050 Denatured Ethanol for Cooking ASTM E3146 ASTM standards ASTM WK55232 (D02) ASTM WK63392 ATJ-SPK (Alcohol to Jet Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene) Atlantic Canada atmosphere Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Australia Australian pine Austria Auto manufacturer automotive aviation aviation fuel (SAF) benefits aviation fuel (SAF) mandates aviation fuel (SAF) price aviation fuel (SAF) production aviation fuel (SAF) pumps/delivery aviation fuel (SAF) tax credit aviation fuel (SAF) terminal Aviation Fuel/Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Aviation Gasoline/AvGas avocado award awards/recognition Azerbaijan. b B0 B10 B100 B100 pumps B11 B12 B12.5 B13 B14 B15 B16 B17 B18 B19 B2 B20 B24 B25 B3 B30 B30 pumps B30RD10 B33 B35 B4 B40 B45 B49 B5 B50 B50RD50 B6 B60 B7 B70 B75 B8 B80 B98 B99 Babados nut tree babassu bacteria bagasse Bahamas Bahrain bamboo banana banana stems Bangladesh bankruptcy Barbados barge barley barley fiber barley protein barley straw Basque batteries Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) bauxite beauty leaf tree beaver beer bees Belarus Belgium Belize Benin benzene Bermuda Bhutan big bluestem big data Big Food Big Oil/Oil Majors BIGoil billion ton study bio Bio LPG (Bio Liquid Petroleum Gas) bio-based diesel benefits bio-based economy Bio-CNG price Bio-CNG pumps Bio-CNG/RNG terminal bio-LNG (Liquified Natural Gas) bio-LNG (Liquified Natural Gas) price Bio-LNG Pumps (Liquified Natural Gas) Bio-LNG terminal bio-natural gas bio-NGV (natural gas for vehicles) bio-oil/pyrolysis oil bio-SPK (bio derived synthetic paraffinic kerosene) biobased Biobased Chemicals/Renewable Chemicals Biobased Market Access and Development Grants Biobased Markets Program biobased materials Biobased Product Manufacturing Assistance Program biochar biochemical conversion biociiesel bioconversion Biocrude/Green Crude/SynCrude biodegradable biodiesel biodiesel blend wall biodiesel EN 14214 Biodiesel Fuel Education Program biodiesel pipeline biodiesel prices biodiesel production biodiesel pumps biodiesel quality biodiesel standards biodiesel tax credit biodiesel technologies biodiesel terminal biodiversity bioeconomy bioelectricity bioelectrochemical conversion bioenergy Bioenergy Program for Advanced Biofuels Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) biofoundry biofuel cells biofuel consumption Biofuel Crops biofuel distribution Biofuel Infrastructure Partnership (BIP) biofuel producer tax credit biofuel production biofuel tax credit biofuel terminal Biofuels Biofuels Directive biofuels education Biogas Biogas pipeline Biogasoline/Renewable Gasoline Biogasoline/Renewable Gasoline pumps biogenic carbon biogenic emissions Bioheat biohydrocarbons biohydrogen BioIsoprene BioMADE biomanufacturing biomass Biomass Carbon Removal and Storage (BiCRS) Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP) biomass hydrolysis biomass oil biomass recalcitrance Biomass Research and Development initiative (BRDI) biomass sorghum Biomass to Liquid (BTL) biomass transportation biomaterials bioplastics biopower BioPreferred bioproducts biopropene bioprospecting BioRefineries/Renewable Fuel Production Biorefinery Assistance Program (BAP) old 9003 Biorefinery Renewable Chemical Biobased Product Mfgr Assistance 9003 Program BioRenewable-1 (BR-1) BioSNG Biotechnology birch bitter orange black carbon black grease black liquor black locust black soldier fly Blend wall blender blender pumps Blenders Credit blending blendstock blockchain blue carbon boat fuel boiler/furnace fuel Bolivia bolt-on Bonaire bonds book-and-claim border tax Borneo Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana BQ-9000 Brachiaria bracken brackish water brash Brassica Brazil breadfruit/ulu breweries brine British Columbia broker brown grease brownfields Brunei Btu's BTX (Benzene Toluene Xylene) Bu12.5 Bu16 Budget building block chemicals Bulgaria bunker bunker oil Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Burkina Faso Burma Burundi buses Business and Industry Program (B&I) business law business resources Business/General Aviation butadiene butandeiol (bio-BDO) Butane butanediol butanol emissions butanol/biobutanol butyl acetate butylene butyric acid by c C1 C2 C21 C3 sugar C4 grasses C5 sugar C6 sugar Cabo Verde cactus cactus pear cagaita calibration California California Air Resources Board (CARB) Calophyllum hawthorn Cambodia Camelina camels Cameroon Canad Canada Canary Islands canary reed grass canarygrass candle nut cannabis canola straw Canola/Rapeseed cap-and-invest cap-and-trade capybara capybras carbohydrates carbon carbon capture and storage (CCS) carbon capture and utilization (CCU) carbon capture/Class VI wells carbon cost carbon credit carbon credit markets carbon cycle carbon debt Carbon Dioxide (CO2) carbon efficiency carbon emissions carbon fiber carbon insets Carbon Intensity (CI)/Carbon Footprint carbon life cycle carbon markets Carbon Monoxide (CO) carbon negative carbon neutrality carbon offsets carbon pipeline carbon price carbon recycling carbon removal carbon sink carbon standard carbon tax Carbon tax border adjustments carbon tax-and-dividend carbon terminal carbon user fee Carbon Utilization and Biogas Education Program carbon-14 testing carbon-efficient fuels carbon/CO2 sequestration carcinogens cardoon Caribbean carinata carinata/brassica carinata carob CAS Registry cashew cashew apple Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) CASI Cassava cassava price cassava pulp cassava stalk castor bean castor stalk catalysis catalysts catalytic decarboxylation catalytic hydrothermal conversion catalytic hydrothermal conversion-to-jet (CHCJ) catalytic hydrothermal gasification catalytic hydrothermolysis jet CHJ pathway cattails cattle cavitation CBD (cannabidiol) CBG (compressed biogas) cell culturing cellulase enzymes cellulose cellulosic biofuel Cellulosic biomass cellulosic diesel Cellulosic ethanol cellulosic ethanol price cellulosic feedstock cellulosic production tax credit cellulosic sugars Cellulosic Tax Credit cellulosic waiver credit cement Central African Republic Central America Certificate Program Certificates of Origin (COs) certification certification fuels cesium cetane Chad change in soil condition charging stations CHCJ-5 chemical-looping hydrogen method Chesapeake Bay chicken feathers chickens Chile Chili China chitin chp chromium chufa/cyperus esculents/nutsedge CIA circular economy citrus citrus greening disease Citrus Peel clean air Clean Air Act (CAA) clean diesel Clean Fuel Standard/Policy (CFS) Clean Heat Standards Clean Power Plan (CPP) Clean Trucks Plan Clean Water Act climate change Climate Change Adaptation climate change effects climate change mitigation climate legislation climate smart/modern/conservation agriculture closed-loop system Clostridium thermocellum cloud point clover cmelina CNG Conversion kit co co-generation co-location Co-op Extension co-operative co-processing co-products CO2 Electrolysis CO2 neutral fuels CO2 terminal CO2Removal Certificates (CORCs) coal Coal and Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) Coast Guard coastal habitat conservation coastal hay cobalt cock's foot coco coco methyl ester (CME) cocoa cocoa husks Coconut coconut oil price coffee coffee cherries coffee grounds coffee pulp cold flow cold-tolerance college/university Colombia Colorado combined heat and power (CHP) Comment Request commercial flights commercialization commissioning commo Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commodity trading common reed Community activity community college Community involvement/engagement community scale Community Wood Energy Program competition compliance compliance credits compost Compressed Natural Gas (CNG/R-CNG/bioCNG) compression ratios compression-ignition engine computer simulation concrete condensate Congo Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Congressional Review Act Connecticut Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) construction and demolition waste/debris consumer education contamination contest contrails conversion technology Cook Islands cook stoves cooking fuel cooperatives COP21 COP22 COP23 COP24 COP25 COP26 COP27 COP28 COP29 COP30 COP31 copper coppice copra CORCs (CO2 Removal Certificates) cordgrass corn bran Corn cobs corn ethanol corn fiber corn growers corn harvest corn husk corn kernel corn meal corn oil corn oil/distillers corn oil (DCO) corn prices corn stalks corn stover corn supply corn surplus corn syrup corn-based products corn/maize Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards corporate social responsibility corrosion corruption CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) cosmetics Costa Rica cotton cotton seed hulls cotton seed oil cotton stalk cottonwood Council on Environmental Quality county cover crops cow rumen cracking Crambe crassulacean acid metabolism plants (CAM) crimes criteria pollutants Croatia crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude lignin oil (CLO) crude oil Cruise Ships Cuba cup plant cuphea currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cusi Customs and Border Protection cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D20 (20%DME) D5 (5%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization Dehydration Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) depolymerization depots dextrose dfdsffsfdfsf diatoms diesel Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) diesel fuel blendstock diesel prices Diesel R5 diesel with renewables diesel-range hydrocarbons diesel-to-biodiesel conversion diethyl ether digital Digital Biology diisobutylene (DIB) dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment DIN 51605 DIN EN 15376 (Ethanol blending component) direct air capture direct injection direct ocean capture Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) direct-to-fuel directed evolution dispense distillates distillation distilled biodiesel distilled palm methyl ester (DPME) distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME/rDME (dimethyl ether)/renewable DME DMF (2.5-dimethylfuran) Dominican Republic double cropping drawdown Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping dual-fuel/flex fuel ships Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas (SNG)) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E10M90 ethanol/methanol E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E32 E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental attributes environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia Eswatini/Swaziland ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance ethanol-fueled aircraft Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/diesel ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOAK (First of a Kind) FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHGP) Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala Guava Seed guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h hairy vetch Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen internal combustion engines hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (HEFA-SKA) Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) Immigration and Customs Enforcement import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISB10 isobutanol ISB15 isobutanol ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutanol/bio-isobutanol isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State legumes lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena levulinic acid Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime linseed Lipid liquefaction liquid liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels liquidation Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps liquified biomethane (LBM) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louis Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel LSMGO (Low Sulfur Marine Gas Oil) lubricants lumber mill lupin Luxembourg lysis M100 M15 M3 M50 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning machinery macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Fuel Oil Marine Gas Oil (MGO) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel Terminal Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering Maritime Administration (MARAD) market forces market share marketing markets/sales Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute mass balance standard Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritania Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane leaks methane/biomethane methanization methanol benefits methanol fuel cells methanol hybrid methanol price Methanol-to-Gasoline Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ-SPK) Methanol-to-Jet Cyclo Paraffins with Aromatics (MtJ-CKA) Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methylbutenol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold Moldova molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials naphtha/bionaphtha/renewable naphtha naphthene NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Energy Council National Environmental Policy Act National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oilheat Research Alliance National Park Service National Research Council National Science Foundation (NSF) national security National Security Council National Transportation Safety Board National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Native American/American Indian/First Nation Tribes natural gas Natural Gas Act natural gas input natural gas pipelines natural gas prices natural gas vehicles natural gasoline Navy Nebraska neem negative carbon emissions NEN 7427-1 neodymium Nepal net energy balance Netherlands Nevada New Brunswick new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast Northern Australia northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oilcane Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive pomace olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production on-site methanol production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course owa oxygen oxygenate oyster shell ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil Palm Oil Methyl Ester (PME) palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm trunk sap palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay Paris Agreement parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peach shell peaches peak oil peak oil demand peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin peela kaner pellet pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests pet food petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photocatalysis/photocatalysts photoelectrocatalysis photoelectrochemical photolysis photosynthesis phragmites pigeon pea pilot pilot scale pine pine beetle pine needles pine nut pineapple Pineapple leaf pinion Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Admin (PHMSA) pipelines Pistacia chinensis PLA plant cell research plant cell walls plant oil plastic plastic-to-jet platinum Plug-in Flex Fuel Hybrid Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) plume grass Poand podcasts Poland poli Policy politics pollinators pollution pollution control polyethylene polyfuel polymer polymerization polysaccharides pomace pomegranates pongamia pongamia pinnata poplar poppy population control Portable refinery Portugal poster sessions potamogeton potassium potato poultry litter/waste power power-to-x/gas/liquid prairie 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