FAO Publishes Book on Biofuels Co-Products Use in Animal Feeds

September 27, 2012

Print This Article Share it With Friends

(American Association of Swine Veterinarians) The United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization recently published a book entitled Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges. AASV member Dr Harold Tilstra co-authored Chapter 3; ”Impact of United States biofuels co-products on the feed industry”.
One objective of the book is to discuss and summarize state of-the-art knowledge on current and future availability of co-products from the feedstocks most used for the production of biofuels, and use of the co-products as livestock feed.
With an increasing need for biofuels and expanding markets for co-products, another objective was to summarize information on alternative feedstocks, with an emphasis on cellulosic materials and nonconventional sources.
Finally, the third objective of this publication was to identify gaps in knowledge and define research topics to fill them. READ MORE and MORE (FAO) Download study

Table of Contents:
Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgements x
Abbreviations used in the text xi
CHAPTER 1
An outlook on world biofuel production and its implications for the animal feed
industry 1
Geoff Cooper and J. Alan Weber
Introduction: the case for expanding biofuel production – Common biofuels,
feedstocks and co-products – Generally accepted uses of feed co-products in
animal diets – Historical volumes of feed from biofuel co-products – Biofuels
and co-product outlook to 2020 – Knowledge gaps and future research needs –
Conclusions – Acknowledgements – Bibliography
CHAPTER 2
An outlook on EU biofuel production and its implications for the animal
feed industry 13
Warwick Lywood and John Pinkney
Introduction – The need for biofuels to tackle climate change – EU biofuel
production – Biofuel processes – Biofuel crops – EU animal feed supply –
Biorefining of crops for biofuel and animal feed – Sustainability of biofuels and
animal feed – Biofuel and animal feed scenarios for 2020 – Knowledge gaps and
future research needs – Conclusions – Bibliography
CHAPTER 3
Impact of United States biofuels co-products on the feed industry 35
G.C. Shurson, H. Tilstra and B.J. Kerr
Introduction – Evolution of DG production and use in the United States feed
industry – Future impact of United States ethanol production on the feed
industry – Nutrient composition, digestibility and feeding value of new maize
co-products for livestock and poultry – Other emerging or potential processing
and maize co-product production technologies – Feed and food safety questions
– Expanded uses of co-products – Knowledge gaps and future research needs –
Conclusions – Bibliography
CHAPTER 4
Utilization of wet distillers grains in high-energy beef cattle diets based
on processed grain 61
M.L. Galyean, N.A. Cole, M.S. Brown, J.C. MacDonald, C.H. Ponce and J.S. Schutz
Introduction – Concentration and source of distillers grains – Effects of specific
nutrients and feed ingredients – Potential interactions with grain processing and
feed additives – Environmental effects of feeding wet distillers grains in high-energy,
processed grain diets – Knowledge gaps and future research needs – Conclusions –
Bibliography
CHAPTER 5
Utilization of feed co-products from wet or dry milling for beef cattle 77
G.E. Erickson, T.J. Klopfenstein and A.K. Watson
Introduction – Beef finishing – Protein supplementation – Energy replacement – High
inclusions – Roughages – Grain processing – Sulphur – Forage-fed cattle – Energy
supplementation – Protein supplementation – Replacement heifers – Environmental
issues – Greenhouse gas and life-cycle analysis – New developments – Future research
areas – Conclusions – Bibliography
CHAPTER 6
Hydrogen sulphide: synthesis, physiological roles and pathology associated with
feeding cattle maize co-products of the ethanol industry 101
Jon P. Schoonmaker and Donald C. Beitz
Introduction – Dietary sources of sulphur – Mechanism of action of excess dietary
sulphur– Sources of hydrogen sulphide – Knowledge gaps and future research
needs – Conclusions – Bibliography
CHAPTER 7
Feeding biofuel co-products to dairy cattle 115
Kenneth F. Kalscheur, Alvaro D. Garcia, David J. Schingoethe, Fernando Diaz Royón
and Arnold R. Hippen
Introduction – Nutrient composition of biofuel co-products – Degradability of
distillers grain from different cereal grains – Feeding DGS to dairy calves – Feeding
DGS to dairy heifers – Feeding DGS to dry cows – Feeding DGS to lactating dairy
cows – Wet versus dried distillers grain with solubles – Feeding different cereal types
of distillers grain with solubles – Feeding other ethanol co-products to dairy cattle –
Feeding glycerol to dairy cattle – Storage of biofuel co-products – Future biofuel
co-products (next generation) – Knowledge gaps and future research needs –
Conclusions – Acknowledgements – Bibliography
CHAPTER 8
Utilization of crude glycerin in beef cattle 155
J.S. Drouillard
Introduction – Fermentation by ruminal microbes – Impact of glycerin on in vivo
digestion – Performance of cattle supplemented crude glycerin – Conclusions –
Bibliography
CHAPTER 9
Nutritional value and utilization of wheat dried distillers grain with solubles
in pigs and poultry 163
J. Noblet, P. Cozannet and F. Skiba
Introduction – Composition and chemical characteristics of wheat DDGS – Energy
value of wheat DDGS – Protein value of wheat DDGS – Minerals and phosphorus
value of wheat DDGS – Performance in poultry and pigs fed wheat DDGS – Feed
additives potential for wheat DDGS – Knowledge gaps and future research needs –
Conclusions – Acknowledgements – Bibliography
CHAPTER 10
Feeding biofuels co-products to pigs 175
G.C. Shurson, R.T. Zijlstra, B.J. Kerr and H.H. Stein
Introduction – Biofuels co-products used in swine diets – Wet-milling co-products – Nutrient
and energy composition and digestibility in distillers grain co-products – Improving nutrient
digestibility of DDGS – In vitro energy digestibilty in DDGS – Energy prediction equations
for DDGS – Nutrient and energy composition and digestibility in maize co-products from
wet-milling – Crude glycerin – Special considerations for co-products from the
ethanol industry – Special considerations for crude glycerin – Feeding distillers
co-products to swine – Feeding crude glycerin to swine – Effects of DDGS on pig
health – Effects of DDGS on nutrient concentration and gas and odour emissions
of swine manure – Knowledge gaps and future research needs – Conclusions –
Acknowledgements – Bibliography
CHAPTER 11
Co-products from biofuel production for farm animals – an EU perspective 209
Friederike Hippenstiel, Karl-Heinz Südekum, Ulrich Meyer and Gerhard Flachowsky
Introduction – Co-products from bio-ethanol production – Co-products from biodiesel
production – Energy utilization efficiency and sustainability of co-products from
biofuel production in animal nutrition – Knowledge gaps and future research needs –
Conclusions– Bibliography
CHAPTER 12
Utilizing co-products of the sweet sorghum-based biofuel industry as livestock
feed in decentralized systems 229
P. Srinivasa Rao, Belum V.S. Reddy, Ch. Ravinder Reddy, M. Blümmel, A. Ashok Kumar,
P. Parthasarathy Rao and G. Basavaraj
Introduction to the sweet sorghum value chain – Sweet sorghum as bio-ethanol
feedstock – Co-products – Grain utilization – Animal studies with sweet sorghum
bagasse – Utilization of foam, vinasse and steam – Economic importance of bagasse
for the sweet sorghum value chain in the decentralized system – Knowledge gaps and
future research needs – Conclusions – Acknowledgements – Bibliography
CHAPTER 13
Utilization of oil palm co-products as feeds for livestock in Malaysia 243
M. Wan Zahari, A.R. Alimon and H.K. Wong
Introduction – Co-products from oil palm plantations (field residues) – Co-products
from oil palm milling – Maximizing livestock production in an oil palm environment –
Conclusions– Bibiliography
CHAPTER 14
Use of palm kernel cakes (Elaeis guineensis and Orbignya phalerata),
co-products of the biofuel industry, in collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) feeds 263
Natália Inagaki de Albuquerque, Diva Anélie de Araujo Guimarães,
Hilma Lúcia Tavares Dias,
Paulo César Teixeira and José Aparecido Moreira
Introduction – Use of babassu (Orbignya phalerata) in the feed of collared peccaries raised
in captivity – Palm kernel cake (Elaeis guineensis) use in the feed of collared peccaries
raised in captivity – Knowledge gaps and future research needs – Conclusions –
Acknowledgements – Bibliography
CHAPTER 15
Sustainable and competitive use as livestock feed of some co-products,
by-products and effluents generated in the bio-ethanol industry 275
Harold Patino, Bernardo Ospina Patiño, Jorge Luis Gil and Sonia Gallego Castillo
Introduction – Bio-ethanol production trials with the RUSBI approach – Transformation
of co-products, by-products and effluents into nutritional supplements for animal
feeding – Bio-economic animal feeding trials with the nutritional supplements –
Economic viability of the use of nutritional supplements in animal feeding – Knowledge
gaps and future research needs – Conclusions – Bibliography
CHAPTER 16
Scope for utilizing sugar cane bagasse as livestock feed – an Asian perspective 291
S. Anandan and K.T. Sampath
Introduction – Sugar cane production and co-products – Knowledge gaps and future
research needs – Conclusions – Bibliography
CHAPTER 17
Camelina sativa in poultry diets: opportunities and challenges 303
Gita Cherian
Introduction – Camelina sativa meal: chemical composition and nutritional value –
Feeding camelina meal to poultry – Developing Camelina sativa as a functional feed:
challenges – Conclusions – Acknowledgments – Bibliography
CHAPTER 18
Utilization of lipid co-products of the biofuel industry in livestock feed 311
Z. Wiesman, O. Segman and L. Yarmolinsky
Introduction to biofuels – Soapstock – Composition – Phytonutrients – Effect on
ruminants – Potential risks from fractions containing such phytochemicals – Conclusions
– Bibliography
CHAPTER 19
Potential and constraints in utilizing co-products of the non-edible oils-based
biodiesel industry – an overview 325
Souheila Abbeddou and Harinder P.S. Makkar
Introduction – Promising non-edible oil plant species – Chemical composition of
co-products of the non-edible oil-based biodiesel industry – Toxicity of non-edible cakes
and meals – Possibility of feeding some untreated non-edible cakes and meals from
seeds that give non-edible oils – Possibility of feeding some treated non-edible cakes
and meals from seeds that give edible oils – Detoxification methods – Effects of feeding
treated non-edible cakes or meals on animal response and performance – Knowledge
gaps and future research needs – Conclusions – Bibliography
CHAPTER 20
Status of biofuels in India and scope of utilizing castor (Ricinus communis) cake –
a biofuel co-product – as livestock feed 339
S. Anandan, N.K.S. Gowda and K.T. Sampath
Introduction– Status of biofuels in India– Biofuels feedstock and co-products – Castor
cake production and utilization – Toxic principles– Detoxification and de-allergenation
of castor cake – Feeding studies using castor cake – Knowledge gaps and future
research needs– Conclusions– Bibliography
CHAPTER 21
Use of detoxified jatropha kernel meal and protein isolate in diets of
farm animals 351
Harinder P.S. Makkar, Vikas Kumar and Klaus Becker
Introduction – Jatropha – Detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal as a protein source
in aqua feed – Use of detoxified jatropha kernel meal as a protein source in white leg
shrimp feed – Use of Jatropha curcas kernel meal of a non-toxic jatropha genotype in
aqua feed – Use of Jatropha platyphylla kernel meal as a protein source in
aqua feed – Use of detoxified Jatropha curcas protein isolate in common carp
feed – Conclusions regarding use of detoxified kernel meal and detoxified protein
isolate from Jatropha curcas as aqua feed – Use of detoxified Jatropha curcas
kernel meal in poultry feed – Use of detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal in pig
feed – Challenges and opportunities in using as livestock feed by-products obtained
during the production of biodiesel from jatropha oil – Guidelines
for using detoxified kernel meal and detoxified protein isolate
from Jatropha curcas as a protein source in animal feed – Potential
challenges in using detoxified kernel meal and detoxified protein
isolate from Jatropha curcas in feeds – Environmental considerations – Future studies –
Final comments – Bibliography
CHAPTER 22
Use of Pongamia glabra (karanj) and Azadirachta indica (neem) seed cakes
for feeding livestock 379
Narayan Dutta, A.K. Panda and D.N. Kamra
Introduction – Karanj (Pongamia glabra) cake – Neem seed cake – Recommendations –
Knowledge gaps and future research needs – Bibliography
CHAPTER 23
Co-products of the United States biofuels industry as alternative feed
ingredients for aquaculture 403
Kamal Mjoun and Kurt Rosentrater
Introduction – Properties of distillers grain – Distillers grain: issues, challenges,
knowledge gaps and research needs – Properties of crude glycerine – Crude glycerine
issues, challenges, knowledge gaps and research needs – Conclusions – Bibliography
CHAPTER 24
Cultivation of micro-algae for lipids and hydrocarbons, and utilization of spent
biomass for livestock feed and for bio-active constituents 423
G.A. Ravishankar, R. Sarada, S. Vidyashankar, K.S. VenuGopal and A. Kumudha
Introduction – Algal biodiversity for the production of lipids and hydrocarbons – Green
algal lipids and hydrocarbons – Diatoms as sources of lipids – Large-scale cultivation of
micro-algae – Downstream processing and conversion to biofuels – Conversion of algal
lipids and biomass to bio-energy – Ethanol from algal feedstock – Use of micro-algae for
food, feed and bio-actives – Micro-algae as sources of feed – Micro-algae as sources of
bio-active molecules – Techno-economic analysis of micro-algal biomass production for
biofuels, and co-products – Biorefinery approach in micro-algal utilization – Knowledge
gaps and future research needs – Conclusions – Acknowledgements – Bibliography
CHAPTER 25
Land use in Australia for biofuels and bio-energy: opportunities and challenges
for livestock industries 447
Andrew L. Braid
Introduction – Current biofuel production in Australia – New production systems for
biofuels and bio-energy in Australia– Lignocellulosic-based biofuels– Expanding land
use for bio-energy and biofuel: the effect on livestock industries– Knowledge gaps and
future research needs– Conclusions– Acknowledgements– Bibliography
CHAPTER 26
An assessment of the potential demand for DDGS in Western Canada:
institutional and market considerations 467
Colleen Christensen, Stuart Smyth, Albert Boaitey and William Brown
Introduction – Changes and trends in Western Canadian agriculture – DDGS use in
rations – Opportunities for development of the DDGS market in Western Canada –
Challenges of creating new markets– Emerging DDGS market– Knowledge gaps and
future research needs– Conclusions– Bibliography
CHAPTER 27
Biofuels: their co-products and water impacts in the context of life-cycle analysis 483
Michael Wang and Jennifer Dunn
Introduction– Biofuel production technologies– Market potential of biofuel co-products–
Animal feed by-products of maize starch ethanol manufacturing – LCA of biofuels –
Co-products– Biofuel LCA results– Co-product allocation methodologies and impacts
on LCA results – Water consumption allocation between ethanol and co-products –
Knowledge gaps and future research needs – Conclusions – Acknowledgements –
Bibliography
CHAPTER 28
Utilization of co-products of the biofuel industry as livestock feeds – a synthesis 501
Tim Smith and Harinder Makka
Introduction– Background– Ethanol– Biodiesel– Micro-algae– Economics– Knowledge
gaps and future research needs– Acknowledgements
Contributing authors 523