Do We Want All of These Electric Car Mines? If EVs Are Supposed to Be a Social Good, How Do We Deal with Them Needing Mines Nobody Wants?

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December 22, 2021
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by Raphael Orlove (Jalopnik) ... 1st Gear: Here’s Another Fun ‘Wait Do We Actually Want These Lithium Mines’ Article -- Every day I feel like there’s a new article about lithium mining coming home. Just the other day, Bloomberg was wringing its hands about protests in Serbia and new presidential opposition to exploitative mining in Chile. We may be seeing more of that in the U.S. soon, as Reuters reports:

...

Reuters also points out that unions are backing mining operations as job creators.

All of this may be something of a false equivalency, or whatever the inverse of that is. Nobody is saying we can’t get lithium or copper out of the ground without completely destroying the environment, it’s just not the cheapest or easiest way.  READ MORE

U.S. faces tough choices in 2022 on mines for electric-vehicle metals (Reuters)

Proposed northern Minnesota nickel mine inks deal with Tesla -- Under the deal, Tesla would buy about half of Tamarack Mine's projected production. (Star Tribune)

Biden's green agenda requires batteries, but building them is dirty business: Concern over potential mining projects in Nevada, Maine and North Carolina is rooted in the scarred lands and contaminated water of other digs gone wrong.  (Politico)

U.S. Opens Path for Junior to Tap Clayton Valley’s Est. 300,000+ Tons of Lithium1 (Market Tactic)

NOT JUST ANY ACQUISITION: (Politico's Morning Energy)

20,000 LEAGUES UNDER THE SEA:  (Politico's Morning Energy)

How a battery shortage could threaten US national security (CNN)

Federal Government Backs Increasing Domestic Minerals Supply Chain Needed for EVs (NGT News)

Lithium soars to record-high prices amid global EV push   (Emerging Tech Brew)

WYDEN INTRODUCES CRITICAL MINERALS BILL: (Politico's Morning Energy)

Rising metals prices threaten U.S. green energy push (E&E News)

Californian geothermal lithium seen as critical in U.S. mineral supply chain (Think GeoEnergy)

Electric Vehicles Have a Fuel-Efficiency Problem -- Tesla’s imitators may not be paying enough attention to squeezing all the juice they can out of EV batteries (Wall Street Journal)

As the US Rushes After the Minerals for the Energy Transition, a 150-Year-Old Law Allows Mining Companies Free Reign on Public Lands
The Mining Law of 1872 lets miners pay no royalties for the precious minerals they dig from federal land and requires no restraints on their activities. (Inside Climate News)

Strengthening America’s Mineral Security: Net Import Dependence, Supply Chain Vulnerability, and the Case for Critical Minerals (ConservAmerica/Our Energy Policy) PDF

DOE Announces $5 Million to Launch Lithium-Battery Workforce Initiative (U.S. Department of Energy)

US DOE invests $5 million in advancing lithium battery manufacturing and workforce (PV Magazine)

How a few geothermal plants could solve America’s lithium supply crunch and boost the EV battery industry (The Conversation)

THE SENATE SCHOOL OF MINES: (Politico's Morning Energy)

The Senate Energy Committee has a hearing Thursday on advancing the domestic critical mineral supply chains. (Politico's Morning Energy)

U.S. seeks new lithium sources as demand for clean energy grows (PBS Newshour)

US seeks new lithium sources as demand for batteries grows (Associated Press)

Carmakers dream of clean, green, mean electric machines (Reuters)

Citing ‘clean energy,’ progressives mount mining law overhaul: “Clean Energy Minerals Reform Act” (E&E News)

Mining lithium and other metals needed for clean energy proves to be a hard sell politically (Houston Chronicle)

A LOOK AT MINING: The House Natural Resources Committee has three legislative hearings today, including a dive by the Energy and Mineral Resources Subcommittee into Chair Raúl Grijalva’s bill updating the Mining Law of 1872. (Politico's Morning Energy)

 UPDATING THE MINING RULES: (Politico's Morning Energy) 

Rising Lithium Prices Could Stop The EV Revolution – Or Could They? (Forbes)

Hunt for lithium sparks frantic rush into Argentine mountains (Mining.com)

How Green Are Electric Vehicles? Manufacturing electric vehicles uses 50% more water than the manufacture of ICE automobiles. (Note: mining lithium requires large amounts of groundwater to pump out the brines.) (New York Times)

Powering Electric Cars: the Race to Mine Lithium in America’s Backyard -- The experience of one mining company in rural North Carolina suggests the road ahead will be hard to navigate. (Inside Climate News/Financial Times)

Army Corps deals blow to Ga. titanium mine, reverses Trump move: Indigenous activists and environmentalists have argued the proposed mine would damage the Okefenokee Swamp. (Politico's Morning Energy)

A coming copper shortage could derail the energy transition, report finds (CNBC)

Copper demand an obstacle for clean energy, report says (Politico Pro/Climatewire)

Ford inks deal to get lithium from mine with ESA problem  (Politico Pro)

Ford seeking permitting changes to push EVs forward (Politico Pro)

Got cobalt? Let the mineral games begin (Politico's Power Switch)

Republicans seek to help politically wired metals company (E&E News)

How a Quebec Lithium Mine May Help Make Electric Cars Affordable -- The project also illustrates how difficult it is to get lithium out of the ground and break China’s dominance in processing the metal and turning it into batteries.  (New York Times)

Why the rush to mine lithium could dry up the High Andes: A mining boom in mountainous Argentina, Chile and Bolivia, home to half the world’s lithium reserves, could drain vital ecosystems and deprive Indigenous communities of water. (Green Biz)

How much mining is needed to save the planet? (E&E News/Greenwire)

 

The New York Times published a series of Pulitzer-worthy articles about cobalt and other rare earths. (Contributors: Dionne Searcey, Michael Forsythe, Eric Lipton and photographs by Ashley Gilbertson)

 

Excerpt from Reuters:  ... President Joe Biden signaled earlier this year he prefers to rely on allies for EV metals, part of a strategy designed to placate environmentalists. That means U.S. automakers will find themselves competing with international rivals for supply amid the global rush to electrification.

U.S. metals imports, though, could boost greenhouse gas emissions by increasing shipping from overseas mines to processing facilities, most of which are in Asia, thus abrogating part of the rationale behind building more EVs.

A Reuters analysis found that proposed U.S. mining projects could produce enough copper to build more than 6 million EVs, enough lithium to build more than 2 million EVs and enough nickel to build more than 60,000 EVs.

...

Biden in August issued an executive order aimed at making half of all new vehicles sold in 2030 electric.

Washington so far has offered confusing guidance to its mining industry. For example, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is poised to label a rare flower found on a handful of acres at ioneer's Nevada lithium mine site as endangered, a step that could impede permitting. At the same time, the U.S. Department of Energy is deciding whether to lend the company more than $300 million to build the mine.

OPPOSITION

Other proposed mines face opposition from indigenous groups, ranchers or environmentalists, underscoring the broader tension in the United States as resistance to living near a mine clashes with the potential of EVs to mitigate climate change.

In early 2022, federal judges are set to rule in two separate cases as to whether mine approvals granted by former President Donald Trump to Lithium Americas Corp(LAC.TO) and Rio Tinto Plc(RIO.L) should be reversed.

...

In Minnesota, state regulators are weighing whether permits issued to PolyMet Mining Corp (POM.TO), which is controlled by mining giant Glencore Plc(GLEN.L), should be revoked or reissued.

...

In North Carolina, Piedmont Lithium Inc's (PLL.O) failure to keep local landowners abreast of its development plans may cost the company necessary local zoning approvals.

Biden himself took steps in October to block Antofagasta Plc's (ANTO.L) Twin Metals copper and nickel mine project in Minnesota for 20 years. READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Politico's Morning Energy: NOT JUST ANY ACQUISITION: A Chinese state-owned company is taking over a Canadian-based lithium mining firm, and Canadian officials are waiving an extended national security review on the merger. It’s a decision raising eyebrows, including south of the border, with Rep. Michael Waltz (R-Fla.) asking the Biden administration if the Canadians had informed them of the deal.

“It was quite surprising to me to hear of this acquisition, given there's a clear national security nexus and I would think there's clear national security concerns,” Waltz told POLITICO’s Andy Blatchford. “Not just any acquisition — but from a Chinese state-owned firm is, again, very surprising and very alarming.”

The Trudeau government insists it has taken the necessary precautions and that “transactions involving critical minerals are systematically and thoroughly reviewed and scrutinized,” Industry Minister François-Philippe Champagne told a House of Commons committee. But Champagne declined to say if his cohort had reached out to the U.S. on the deal. Andy has more for Pros.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Politico's Morning Energy: 20,000 LEAGUES UNDER THE SEA: What do French President Emmanuel Macron and Sen. Lisa Murkowski have in common? They both have their eyes set on the ocean floor as the need for minerals blossoms.

Both the Biden administration and Macron government are prioritizing batteries to reach their emissions reductions goals, whether for long-duration energy storage or electric vehicles. Macron is a strong supporter of deep sea exploration to obtain the necessary minerals, and France’s sprawling overseas footprint has the largest maritime space in the European Union. France’s government warns that foregoing its ocean resources could lead to dependence on foreign providers as demand grows.

But exploration could risk ocean habitats and come into conflict with the EU’s commitment to protect 30 percent of its seas by 2030. POLITICO’s Louise Guillot has more.

Meanwhile, stateside, Murkowski wrote to Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm on Wednesday asking for details on how the administration plans to tackle seabed mineral extraction. Like the French, Murkowski said strategic partnerships wouldn’t be sufficient to meet U.S. demand and could undermine U.S. energy independence. Murkowski has sought federal resources toward deep sea mineral exploration in the past and wrote to Granholm that the increase in demand “one might expect as a result of your Administration’s goals to advance vehicle electrification” underscores the need for domestic supply to be enhanced. Read the letter here.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Politico's Morning Energy: WYDEN INTRODUCES CRITICAL MINERALS BILL: Senate Finance Chair Ron Wyden (D-Ore.) introduced legislation Tuesday that would establish a $50 million critical mineral environmental processing and mining cleanup grant program at the Interior Department. An eligible grant recipient would need to have an interest in constructing, expanding or modernizing critical mineral facilities, and demonstrate strong labor protections like prevailing wage requirements.

In announcing the Critical Mineral Environmental Processing and Mining Clean Up Program, Wyden pointed to the United States’ reliance on China and Russia for imports of the critical minerals used in domestic manufacturing of everything from electric vehicle batteries to smartphones. “It’s past time the United States became a competitive producer of critical minerals and weans itself off of both foreign oil and gas imports and the critical minerals that are essential to building the next generation of clean energy products like batteries,” he said in a statement.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Think GeoEnergy: The efforts of geothermal companies in the Salton Sea are seen as critical for the future supply of critical minerals for the U.S., so the U.S. White House and the Californian Governor.

...

Berkshire Hathaway Energy Renewables (BHE Renewables) will announce that this spring, they will break ground on a new demonstration facility in Imperial County, California, to test the commercial viability of their sustainable lithium extraction process from geothermal brine as part of a multibillion-dollar investment in sustainable lithium production over the next five years. If successful, this sets the company a path towards commercial scale production of battery grade lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate by 2026. Imperial Valley contains some of the largest deposits of lithium in the world. Once at scale, BHE Renewables facilities could produce 90,000 metric tons of lithium per year.

In addition to BHE Renewables, Controlled Thermal Resources (CTR) and EnergySource Minerals have established operations in Imperial County to extract lithium from geothermal brine. GM will source lithium for EV batteries from CTR. The companies are also working with the state-authorized Lithium Valley Commission to develop a royalty structure that would invest profits from their operations in infrastructure, health, and educational investments for the residents of the surrounding region.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from U.S. Department of Energy:  Industry and Labor will Partner on Five Pilot Programs to Train Battery Manufacturing Workers and Bolster the Domestic Battery Supply Chain --  The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), in coordination with the U.S. Department of Labor and the AFL-CIO, today announced the launch of a national workforce development strategy for lithium-battery manufacturing. As part of a $5 million investment, DOE will support up to five pilot training programs in energy and automotive communities and advance workforce partnerships between industry and labor for the domestic lithium battery supply chain. Lithium batteries power everything from electric vehicles to consumer electronics and are a critical component of President Biden’s whole-of-government decarbonization strategy. This workforce initiative will support the nation’s global competitiveness within battery manufacturing while strengthening the domestic economy and clean energy supply chains. 

“American leadership in the global battery supply chain will be based not only on our innovative edge, but also on our skilled workforce of engineers, designers, scientists, and production workers,” said U.S. Secretary of Energy Jennifer M. Granholm, “President Biden has a vision for achieving net zero emissions while creating millions of good paying, union jobs — and DOE’s battery partnerships with labor and industry are key to making that vision a reality.” 

“President Biden has made the creation of good union jobs a cornerstone of his climate strategy,” said AFL-CIO President Liz Shuler. “We applaud DOE for being proactive in pulling labor and management together as the domestic battery industry is being established, and we look forward to working with DOE and DOL to develop high-road training standards for the entire battery supply chain.” 

“I am glad to see the Department of Energy collaborating with our industry partners to invest in the next generation of our clean energy workforce,” said U.S. Senator Joe Manchin (D-WV), Chairman of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee. “While I remain concerned about our dependence on China and other foreign countries for key parts of the lithium-ion battery supply chain, engaging our strong and capable workforce to manufacture batteries domestically is a critical step toward reducing our reliance on other countries and ensuring we are able to maintain our energy security. I look forward to seeing this initiative grow, and we will continue to work closely together to ensure we can onshore the rest of the battery supply chain.” 

The pilot training programs will bring together manufacturing companies, organized labor, and training providers to lay the foundation for the development of a broad national workforce strategy. The pilots will support industry-labor cooperation and will provide sites for job task analyses and documenting worker competencies. Insights gained will support the development of national industry-recognized credentials and inform the development of broader training programs to support the overall battery supply chain. 

This initiative comes as part of suite of announcements from President Biden’s Interagency Working Group (IWG) on Coal and Power Plant Communities and Economic Revitalization—a partnership among the White House and nearly a dozen federal agencies committed to pursuing near- and long-term actions to support coal, oil and gas, and power plant communities as the nation transitions to a clean energy economy. 

This announcement follows DOE’s recent release of two Notices of Intent authorized by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law to provide $3 billion to support projects that bolster domestic battery manufacturing and recycling. The funding, which will be made available in the coming months, will support battery-materials refining, which will bolster domestic refining capacity of minerals such as lithium, as well as production plants, battery cell and pack manufacturing facilities, and recycling facilities. 

It also builds on progress the Biden-Harris Administration and DOE have driven to secure a sustainable, reliable domestic supply of critical minerals and materials necessary for clean energy supply chains, including lithium. This includes $44 million in funding through the DOE Mining Innovations for Negative Emissions Resource Recovery (MINER) program to fund the technology research that increases the mineral yield while decreasing the required energy, and subsequent emissions, to mine and extract critical minerals such as lithium, copper, nickel, and cobalt. 

Recent reports underscore the need for America to develop and sustain a robust workforce for the domestic battery supply chain, including the President’s 100-Day Supply Chain Review and DOE’s recently released Supply Chain Review for the Energy Sector Industrial Base.  Last year, the Federal Consortium for Advanced Batteries published the National Blueprint for Lithium Batteries 2021-2030, which calls for the United States and its partners to establish a secure battery materials and technology supply chain by 2030.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Politico's Morning Energy: THE SENATE SCHOOL OF MINES:Manchin and Barrasso are teaming up on a bill boosting mining education. The pair introduced the Mining Schools Act, which would create a grant program for mining schools to recruit students and develop research and demonstration projects. It would also create a Mining Professional Development Advisory Board to advise the Energy secretary on grant use and to sift through applications.

“A strong and skilled mining workforce is critical to reducing our reliance on foreign supply chains, increasing our deployment of renewable energy technologies and maintaining our energy security,” Manchin said in a statement. “In the last few years, however, this workforce has decreased as universities across the country struggle to enroll students in their mining and geological engineering programs.”

Republicans frequently cite foreign control over minerals needed for electric vehicles and the clean energy transition as a hole in Democrats’ arguments that clean energy would lead to independence from foreign suppliers. Read the bill text here.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from PBS Newshour: Dee Dee Myers, a senior adviser to Newsom focused on business, said that lithium is an “increasingly critical resource” as California and the world pursue clean energy development to slow climate change impacts.

The state has an opportunity to produce “epic quantities of lithium” given the resources around the Salton Sea, Myers said. But she said it wants to ensure lithium is extracted and produced sustainably.

State government could play a role in regulating the extraction process. In 2020, California also created the Lithium Valley Commission to review and analyze incentives for lithium extraction. They must file a report with their findings by October.

In Maine, Plumbago Mountain in the western part of the state has attracted mining interest. The mountain is “a potentially significant new lithium resource,” with a higher average lithium content than similar deposits around the world, according to a 2020 paper in the scientific journal Mineralium Deposita.

However, Maine mining regulations could make it difficult to extract the lithium. The Maine Department of Environmental Protection is reviewing the possibility of quarrying for lithium at Plumbago at the request of the property’s owners, state mining coordinator Mike Clark said.

Plumbago Mountain is the kind of site that could be significant for the U.S. as it seeks to fulfill its clean energy goals, said Alicia Cruz-Uribe, an associate professor of petrology and mineralogy at University of Maine.

The country’s lithium reserves rank among the largest in the world, Cruz-Uribe said. “But the amount that we produce is peanuts.”  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Politico's Morning Energy: UPDATING THE MINING RULES: Rep. Raúl Grijalva’s (D-Ariz.) bill to overhaul the nation’s 150-year-old law governing hardrock mining on federal lands got its first hearing in a House subcommittee Thursday, and opposition is coalescing.

Industry is lining up against the bill, which would impose the first-ever federal royalty fee on hardrock mining operations, switch from a claims-based to a leasing system for potential mines, establish a cleanup fund for mines and strengthen tribal consultation requirements.

Ashley Burke, a spokesperson for the National Mining Association, told POLITICO’s Jordan Wolman that upending mining law at a time of intense mineral demand is “not only counterproductive to securing our supply chains, but it will derail virtually everything this administration is trying to accomplish on electric vehicles and future energy technologies.”

She added the bill will only deepen America’s reliance on Chinese metals. And Debra Struhsacker, a founder of the Women’s Mining Coalition, told lawmakers at the hearing that the bill would “cede control of our mineral future to Russia and China.”

Grijalva is aiming to “fine tune” the bill before setting a date for a vote. Companion legislation sponsored by Sen. Martin Heinrich (D-N.M.) has not been given a date for a hearing in the Senate.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Politico's Power Switch: As POLITICO's E&E News reporter Jael Holzman notes in a story today, the mineral games have already begun. And players from across the political spectrum are looking to cash in.

The bill is chock-full of mining industry benefits for companies that can domestically produce the minerals needed for the energy transition. Minerals like lithium, cobalt, nickel and graphite are essential ingredients for building electric vehicles and the batteries that power them. Hydrogen fuel cells and solar panels also require their own sets of minerals, like palladium or tellurium.

Republican lawmakers are looking to boost a politically connected newcomer: Westwin Elements, a company angling to build the nation’s first cobalt processing plant.

KaLeigh Long, a well-connected Republican political consultant, started the company this year. Long once led the Conservative Leadership PAC and managed a political consulting firm that has garnered nearly $1 million from Republican campaigns in recent years, Holzman reports.

A group of conservative House lawmakers sent letters to both the Energy and Defense departments last week seeking incentives for Long’s company. Westwin Elements’ management has little experience in mining or metals refining and is largely composed of Republican political operators.

But Republicans aren’t the only ones pushing for their people. A former House Democrat is lobbying for a different cobalt company, and a former Interior Department official ispushing for a lithium mine in Nevada.

The federal investment in mining for clean energy all but guarantees a windfall for the companies that can deliver. Let's just hope the green revolution doesn't follow in the destructive footsteps of the industrial one.  READ MORE

 

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meal corn oil corn oil/distillers corn oil (DCO) corn prices corn stalks corn stover corn supply corn surplus corn syrup corn-based products corn/maize Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards corporate social responsibility corrosion corruption CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) cosmetics Costa Rica cotton cotton seed hulls cotton seed oil cotton stalk cottonwood Council on Environmental Quality county cover crops cow rumen cracking Crambe crassulacean acid metabolism plants (CAM) crimes criteria pollutants Croatia crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude oil Cuba cup plant cuphea currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cusi cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D20 (20%DME) D5 (5%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization defossilize Dehydration Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) depolymerization depots dextrose dfdsffsfdfsf diatoms diesel Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) diesel fuel blendstock diesel prices Diesel R5 diesel with renewables diesel-range hydrocarbons diesel-to-biodiesel conversion diethyl ether digital Digital Biology diisobutylene (DIB) dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment DIN 51605 DIN EN 15376 (Ethanol blending component) direct air capture direct injection direct ocean capture Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) direct-to-fuel directed evolution dispense distillates distillation distilled biodiesel distilled palm methyl ester (DPME) distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME/rDME (dimethyl ether)/renewable DME DMF (2.5-dimethylfuran) Dominican Republic double cropping drawdown Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen price hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine internal combustion engine/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade 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kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena levulinic acid Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime Lipid liquefaction liquid liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels liquidation Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps liquified biomethane (LBM) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louis Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M100 M15 M3 M50 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning machinery macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Fuel Oil Marine Gas Oil (MGO) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel Terminal Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering market forces market share marketing markets/sales Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute mass balance standard Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritania Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane leaks methane/biomethane methanization methanol fuel cells methanol price Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ-SPK) Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methylbutenol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials naphtha/bionaphtha/renewable naphtha naphthene NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Environmental Policy Act National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oilheat Research Alliance National Park Service National Research Council National Science Foundation (NSF) national security National Security Council National Transportation Safety Board National 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nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC 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