USTR Announces Initiation of Section 301 Investigation of Brazil’s Unfair Trading Practices Public Comment DEADLINE August 18, 2025

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July 16, 2025
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(Office of U.S. Trade Representative) Today (July 15, 2025), the Office of the United States Trade Representative initiated an investigation of Brazil under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974. The investigation will seek to determine whether acts, policies, and practices of the Government of Brazil related to digital trade and electronic payment services; unfair, preferential tariffs; anti-corruption interference; intellectual property protection; ethanol market access; and illegal deforestation are unreasonable or discriminatory and burden or restrict U.S. commerce.

“At President Trump’s direction, I am launching a Section 301 investigation into Brazil’s attacks on American social media companies as well as other unfair trading practices that harm American companies, workers, farmers, and technology innovators,” said Ambassador Greer. “USTR has detailed Brazil’s unfair trade practices that restrict the ability of U.S. exporters to access its market for decades in the annual National Trade Estimate (NTE) Report. After consulting with other government agencies, cleared advisers, and Congress, I have determined that Brazil’s tariff and non-tariff barriers merit a thorough investigation, and potentially, responsive action."

Background

Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended, (Trade Act) is designed to address unfair foreign practices affecting U.S. commerce. Section 301 may be used to respond to unjustifiable, unreasonable, or discriminatory foreign government practices that burden or restrict U.S. commerce. Under Section 302(b) of the Trade Act, the Trade Representative may self-initiate an investigation under Section 301.

A Section 301(b) investigation examines whether the acts, policies, or practices are unreasonable or discriminatory and burden or restrict U.S. commerce. Considering the specific direction of the President, and the advice of the inter-agency Section 301 Committee, the United States Trade Representative has initiated an investigation. The U.S. Trade Representative must seek consultations with the foreign government whose acts, policies, or practices are under investigation.  USTR has requested consultations with Brazil in connection with the investigation. USTR will hold a hearing in connection with this investigation on September 3, 2025. To be assured of consideration, interested persons should submit written comments, requests to appear at the hearing, along with a summary of the testimony, by August 18, 2025. USTR will hold a hearing in connection with this investigation on September 3, 2025.

As set out in the Federal Register notice, the investigation relates to a number of trading practices, including:

  • Digital trade and electronic payment services: Brazil may undermine the competitiveness of U.S. companies engaged in these sectors, for example, by retaliating against them for failing to censor political speech or restricting their ability to provide services in the country;
  • Unfair, preferential tariffs: Brazil accords lower, preferential tariff rates to the exports of certain globally competitive trade partners, thereby disadvantaging U.S. exports;
  • Anti-corruption enforcement: Brazil’s failure to enforce anti-corruption and transparency measures raises concerns in relation to norms relating to fighting bribery and corruption;
  • Intellectual property protection: Brazil apparently denies adequate and effective protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights, harming American workers whose livelihoods are tied to America’s innovation- and creativity-driven sectors;
  • Ethanol: Brazil has walked away from its willingness to provide virtually duty-free treatment for U.S. ethanol and instead now applies a substantially higher tariff on U.S. ethanol exports; and
  • Illegal deforestation: Brazil appears to be failing to effectively enforce laws and regulations designed to stop illegal deforestation, thereby undermining the competitiveness of U.S. producers of timber and agricultural products.

A copy of the Federal Register Notice is available here.

A docket for comments regarding the investigation will be available here.

A docket for requests to appear at the public hearing to be held in connection with this investigation will be available here.  READ MORE

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Excerpt from Reuters:  Trump justified his 50% tariff from August 1, well above the rate of 10% initially proposed, with a demand for an end to the trial of former President Jair Bolsonaro for allegedly plotting a coup.

The high tariff for Brazil surprised many trade experts since its U.S. goods imports exceed its exports, and because Trump linked the rate so clearly to Bolsonaro's trial.

Brazil offered no immediate reaction to news of the U.S. investigation. On Monday, Vice President Geraldo Alckmin said it had yet to receive a response from Washington to an offer it made in trade talks two months ago.

During his first term, Trump used Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 to justify a spate of tariffs against China. It was also used to investigate other countries for digital services taxes on U.S. tech firms.

In a statement, USTR said Brazil disadvantaged U.S. firms by setting lower tariffs on exports of other trading partners and accused it of failing to battle corruption.

It added that Brazil also charged substantially higher tariffs on U.S. ethanol exports, and "appears to be failing" to enforce laws against illegal deforestation, which it said harmed the competitiveness of U.S. timber producers.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from CNN: The right-wing former president, who has boasted of his close ties with Trump, is currently on trial for allegedly attempting a coup to overturn Lula’s 2022 election victory.

In its investigation announcement, the USTR expressed concerns that Brazilian authorities could undermine the competitiveness of American digital companies by retaliating against them for failing to censor political speech or restricting their ability to operate in the country.

It also accused Brazil of disadvantaging American exports by offering lower tariffs to “certain globally competitive trade partners,” failing to protect American intellectual property rights, and backtracking from its earlier willingness to grant virtually duty-free access for US ethanol and imposing instead a “substantially higher tariff.”

Most countries targeted by Trump’s tariffs are those with which the US runs a trade deficit – meaning the US imports more goods from the nation than it exports to it.

But the US ran a $6.8 billion trade surplus with Brazil last year, and it has not had a trade deficit with the country for 18 years.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Brownfield Ag News: U.S. Senator Chuck Grassley says he’s asking the Trump administration to address Brazil’s 18% tariff on ethanol imports.

“Brazil’s unfair tariffs have allowed the country to shelter its domestic ethanol industry from competition here in the United States. Brazil is trying to take global market share away from the United States by producing artificially cheap ethanol.”

The Iowa Republican says U.S. ethanol exports to Brazil have essentially dried up in recent years.

“The Biden administration failed to take clear action to address this problem. I’m hoping the Trump administration can utilize trade negotiations with Brazil to level the playing field and increase market access for US ethanol producers.”

In 2020, the Renewable Fuels Association asked the first Trump administration to consider imposing reciprocal tariffs against Brazil in hopes that it would convince them to remove the tariffs, or at least bring them back to the negotiating table.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from DTN Progressive Farmer: USTR is required to consult with the Brazilian government and has scheduled a hearing in connection with the investigation on Sept. 3, 2025. Written comments and requests to appear at the hearing, along with a summary of the testimony, are required to be submitted by Aug. 18, 2025.

"We applaud the Trump administration for this important action," RFA President and CEO Geoff Cooper said in a statement.

"For almost a decade now, we have spent precious time and resources fighting back against an unfair and unjustified tariff regime imposed by Brazil's government on U.S. ethanol imports. What's more ironic is that these tariff barriers have been erected against U.S. ethanol imports while our country has openly accepted -- and even encouraged and incentivized -- ethanol imports from Brazil."

The USTR's investigation is focusing on several fronts including digital trade and electronic payment services; "unfair, preferential" tariffs;

anti-corruption enforcement; intellectual property protection; and "illegal" deforestation that the USTR said is "undermining the competitiveness of U.S. producers" of timber and agricultural products.

In October 2023, Brazilian fuel importers formally requested a reduction in ethanol duties because the tariff reportedly raised fuel costs for domestic consumers.

In anticipation of an open comment period held by the Brazilian government, the three groups submitted joint comments:

"Considering this significant discrepancy in our historically productive commercial relationship between countries, we would like to stress that the U.S. industry will continue to advocate for restrictive measures to entry for Brazilian ethanol into the U.S. in the case that the Brazilian government does not rethink the current tariff policies," the groups said.

"Despite the promising opportunities emerging new ethanol export markets could bring to both countries, we stress that we are not willing to cooperate with Brazil in any possible partnerships, nor with technology transferring or within new uses for ethanol such as SAF (sustainable aviation fuel), in case the market is not completely open for free trade for ethanol. We strongly consider the permanent reinstatement of the duty-free access for ethanol as a window of opportunity to strengthen the bilateral agenda and stimulate trade cooperation between Brazil and the United States."  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Renewable Fuels Association: Brazil’s punitive ethanol tariff regime and restrictive regulations demonstrate that the country is clearly not committed to fair and reciprocal trade in ethanol, the Renewable Fuels Association said in comments sent Monday evening to the U.S. Trade Representative, which is investigating Brazil’s trade practices.

“Brazil’s tariff rates have no doubt had a demonstrable impact on U.S. ethanol exports,” wrote RFA President and CEO Geoff Cooper. “While Brazil was once the top export market for U.S. ethanol, the imposition of tariffs (without a duty-free quota) in recent years has essentially closed the market. To make matters worse, while U.S. ethanol faces a significant 18 percent import duty, Brazilian ethanol enters the U.S. market with just a 2.5 percent ad valorem duty, granting Brazilian producers preferential access and market competitiveness in America.”

As a result of Brazil’s volatile application of tariff rates in recent years, U.S. fuel ethanol exports to Brazil fell to zero in 2023 and just $43 million in 2024. In 2024, exports to Brazil accounted for just 1.3 percent of total U.S. ethanol exports, after accounting for approximately one-third of total U.S. exports as recently as 2018.

Click here for RFA’s full comments.

READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Ethanol Producer Magazine:  Growth Energy, the National Corn Growers Association and Renewable Fuels Association on Aug. 18 submitted comments to the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative calling on the agency to take action against Brazil regarding its unfair ethanol trade practices. 

USTR in July opened a Section 301 investigation into Brazil’s unfair trading practices, including those impacting ethanol market access. A Section 301 investigation can be used to respond to unjustifiable, unreasonable, or discriminatory foreign government practices that burden or restrict U.S. commerce. 

In a Federal Register notice announcing the investigation, USTR explains that the U.S. suffers from higher tariffs on ethanol by Brazil and from imbalanced trade resulting from Brazil’s decision to abandon the reciprocal, virtually duty-free treatment that promoted the development of industries in both countries. 

A public comment period on the investigation was open from July 17 through Aug. 18. USTR also plans to hold a public hearing in conjunction with the Brazil investigation on Sept. 3. 

Growth energy and NCGA were among the organizations who submitted comments to USTR ahead of the Aug. 18 deadline. 

“We appreciate the opportunity to provide input on ethanol market access challenges considering Brazil’s years-long effort to seek preferential treatment for their ethanol in the United States while limiting U.S. market access into Brazil through tariff and non-tariff measures,” said Chris Bliley, senior vice president of regulatory affairs at Growth Energy, in the comments. “We further appreciate the opportunity to highlight the unfair actions by Brazil, bilaterally and within international organizations, to artificially improve the standing of their ethanol vis-à-vis U.S. corn ethanol despite our historic price benefit and low-risk sustainable practices.” 

According to Growth Energy, Brazil’s discriminatory policies against imported ethanol prevent American producers from participating in the country’s low carbon fuel policy (RenovaBio), and those rules have contributed to a bilateral U.S. ethanol trade deficit, which hit $150 million last year.  

Bliley’s comments also delved into the history of the U.S.-Brazil ethanol trade relationship, noting that more than a decade ago, Brazil voiced its support for free trade between the two markets and actually removed a tariff on American ethanol in April 2010.  

After securing similarly open treatment in the U.S., however, “Brazil executed a ‘bait and switch’ against U.S. ethanol: it actively sought U.S. removal of its ‘other duty and charge’ (ODC) by referencing their own tariff removal, and then—when that took place—they reinstated their tariff,” Bliley said. “Brazil took these actions to meet their own goals and serve the interests of their ethanol and agricultural industries. Brazil’s actions actively discriminate against U.S. ethanol, have demonstrably burdened U.S. ethanol, and have imposed economic barriers that restrict U.S. ethanol exports to Brazil.” As an example, Bliley noted that U.S. ethanol exports to Brazil were valued at just $53 million in 2024, a 95% decrease from their $1.1 billion peak in 2011. 

Growth Energy also highlighted the questionable sustainability practices that Brazil is seeking to enshrine in international lifecycle modeling, while ignoring the environmental benefits of American corn ethanol. 

In his comments, Illinois farmer and NCGA President Kenneth Hartman Jr. outlines clear evidence demonstrating that Brazil’s ethanol tariff and other actions are unreasonable, discriminatory and burden U.S. commerce.  

“Brazil has enjoyed preferential market conditions while simultaneously erecting barriers that restrict and prevent access for American corn ethanol exporters,” Hartman said. “Brazil was once a top market for American ethanol exports, but their 18 percent tariff has eradicated this market.” 

“Brazil is actively looking to unseat the historic and obvious success of the American corn industry by a series of trade actions that directly and indirectly harm U.S. corn growers,” he added. 

According to NCGA, Brazil for many years has taken measures – both direct and indirect – to siphon market share for American ethanol exports and prevent U.S. access to the global synthetic aviation jet fuel market, which presents an enormous opportunity in the coming decade. Soon after Brazil imposed the ethanol tariff, U.S. ethanol exports to Brazil experienced a 93% decrease, dropping from $761 million in 2018 to only $53 million in 2024.  

If the Section 301 investigation determines that a country’s actions are unreasonable or discriminatory, tariffs or other retaliatory measures can be applied.  

The Renewable Fuels Association said Brazil’s punitive ethanol tariff regime and restrictive regulations demonstrate that the country is not committed to fair and reciprocal trade in ethanol. “Brazil’s tariff rates have no doubt had a demonstrable impact on U.S. ethanol exports,” Geoff Cooper, president and CEO of the RFA, in comments submitted to USTR. “While Brazil was once the top export market for U.S. ethanol, the imposition of tariffs (without a duty-free quota) in recent years has essentially closed the market. To make matters worse, while U.S. ethanol faces a significant 18 percent import duty, Brazilian ethanol enters the U.S. market with just a 2.5 percent ad valorem duty, granting Brazilian producers preferential access and market competitiveness in America.”  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Bloomberg: 

  • Brazil is rejecting Washington's allegations of unfair trade practices, describing the US Trade Representative's investigation as an illegitimate use of unilateral US trade law.
  • Brazil's government says its policies are consistent with international trade rules and that the US has consistently run a trade surplus with Brazil, with American firms enjoying broad access to the Brazilian market.
  • Brazil argues that the US tariffs are political in nature and not grounded in economic harm to American firms, and that unilateral measures under Section 301 risk undermining the multilateral trading system.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Valor International: The Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) will hold a public hearing next Wednesday (September 3, 2025) at the U.S. International Trade Commission in Washington as part of its ongoing investigation into whether Brazil’s actions, policies, and practices are unjustifiable or discriminatory and burden or restrict U.S. commerce.

The Section 301 investigation—under which the U.S. can impose trade sanctions on foreign partners—may conclude within six months to a year, aligning with Brazil’s 2026 election calendar. In Brasília, government officials are convinced that tensions with the U.S. will persist through next year and could escalate further.

Some American business groups are using the investigation to increase pressure on Brazil. The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), for instance, urged the Trump administration to intervene in a deal in which Anglo American is selling its nickel operations in Brazil to Chinese miner MMG, arguing the transaction would give China even greater control over global reserves of critical minerals.

Meanwhile, the National Corn Growers Association (NCGA) is urging the USTR not only to demand compensation from Brazil for alleged losses in U.S. ethanol exports, but also to take aim at another perceived “threat”: Brazil’s sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) program.

...

U.S. corn producers broadly argue that Brazil’s rapid agricultural expansion in recent years has been “partly driven by protectionist advantages and decades of neglect regarding deforestation” in the Amazon and the Cerrado, enabling Brazil to seize market share from American farmers.

Now, “on top of all that,” they view Brazil as a “serious threat” to the long-term competitiveness of U.S. exports in the emerging SAF market, which is seen as key to the global aviation industry’s goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. Brazil is viewed as a major potential supplier of the renewable fuel, which can be produced through various technologies.

In 2024, Brazil launched its National Sustainable Aviation Fuel Program (ProBioQAV) to promote SAF adoption in its energy mix. Airlines are required to increase SAF use by 1 percentage point annually until reaching 10% in 2036.

One U.S. complaint is that Brazil uses a carbon-neutral emissions model that assigns a premium to the lifecycle assessment of feedstocks from multiple crop cycles (main and second harvest) grown on formerly “degraded” pastureland. NCGA says this naturally favors Brazil’s double-cropping of soybeans and corn while devaluing the lifecycle profile of the U.S. single-crop corn system.

“Most concerning,” the group added, is that “unfortunately” Brazil has emerged as a central player in international standard-setting bodies for biofuels, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

...

It also called on the USTR to work with government counterparts to “ban the use of Brazilian ethanol” in the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) program until U.S. producers gain reciprocal access to Brazil’s RenovaBio program.  READ MORE

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White House U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) Transportation Fuels Policy Trade Policy tariffs public comments markets/sales market forces ethanol/bioethanol deforestation Brazil corn/maize life cycle analysis (LCA) United Nations' International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
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Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia Eswatini/Swaziland ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance ethanol-fueled aircraft Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/diesel ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala Guava Seed guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen internal combustion engines hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena levulinic acid Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime Lipid liquefaction liquid liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels liquidation Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps liquified biomethane (LBM) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louis Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel LSMGO (Low Sulfur Marine Gas Oil) lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M100 M15 M3 M50 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning machinery macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Fuel Oil Marine Gas Oil (MGO) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel Terminal Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering market forces market share marketing markets/sales Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute mass balance standard Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritania Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane leaks methane/biomethane methanization methanol benefits methanol fuel cells methanol hybrid methanol price Methanol-to-Gasoline Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ-SPK) Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methylbutenol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold Moldova molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials naphtha/bionaphtha/renewable naphtha naphthene NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Energy Council National Environmental Policy Act National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oilheat Research Alliance National Park Service National Research Council National Science Foundation (NSF) national security National Security Council National Transportation Safety Board National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Native American/American Indian/First Nation Tribes natural gas Natural Gas Act natural gas input natural gas prices natural gas vehicles natural gasoline Navy Nebraska neem negative carbon emissions NEN 7427-1 neodymium Nepal net energy balance Netherlands Nevada New Brunswick new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oilcane Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive pomace olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC 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litter/waste power power-to-x/gas/liquid prairie grasses pre-processing precision farming/agriculture precursors/biointermediates premium gasoline Pretreatment pretreatment equipment price price of water prickly pear Prince Edward Island process flow diagram producer tax credit Production tax credit productivity project insurance propagating Propane/Biopropane/Renewable Propane propane/renewable propane pumps propanol property insurance propylene protectionism protein protests proton exchange membrane (PEM) public comments public health policy Puerto Rico pulp Pulp/Paper Mill pump retrofit kit pumps/fueling station pungam Punnai tree pyrolysis pyrolytic liquefaction Q-RIN QAP Qatar quality assurance Quality Assurance Plans (QAPs) quality improvement quantum dots Quebec Queensland quote of the week r R Factor R100/RD100 R33 R5 R95B5/RD95B5 R99/RD99 rabbits race radiata pine radish leaves Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing railroad rain tree rainforest ranchers RAND rare earth metal/critical minerals RD10 RD100 RD20 RD3 RD30 RD40 RD50 RD55 RD80 RD80B20 RD99 reclaimed mine lands Recycled Carbon Fuel (RCF) recycled oil recycled plastics recycling red algae redcedar Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) refineries reforestation Reformate regenerative braking regenerative farming Regional Conservation Partnership Program (RCPP) Regulated Emissions regulations Regulations-Federal Regulations-State Regulatory Enhancement Growth Support (REGS) Reid vapor pressure (RVP) remediation remediation rice straw Renewable Chemical renewable chemical producer tax incentive renewable chemical production tax credit renewable diesel pipelines Renewable Diesel Production renewable diesel pumps renewable diesel tax credit renewable diesel terminal Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel price Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel/HVO/Paraffinic Diesel Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Directive (RED/RED II/RED III) Renewable Energy Standard 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Terrestrial Sequestration (ROOTS) Rhode Island rhododendron Ricardo rice rice bran rice bran oil rice hulls rice husks rice price rice straw/paddy straw RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) RIMPAC RINs (Renewable Identification Numbers) RINs markets RINs price risk management RJ-4 RJ-6 RME (rape methyl ester) RME180 RNA (Ribonucleic acid) RNG tax credit roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rosin rotation crops Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) royalties RP-1 RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rubber seeds rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass rye straw s saccharification SAF pipeline SAF10 SAF30 SAF40 SAFc (Sustainable Aviation Fuel certificates) Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC sal tree Salicornia salt water salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar Samoa Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater seaweed cultivation Seaweed/Macroalgae second-generation biofuel income tax credit Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed husks seed-to-wheel Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil shark oil Shea sheep shellfish shipping shipping containers shipworm siam weed Sierra Leone silage silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver silver maple simarouba Singapore Singpore sisal SK slash Slovakia Slovakia/Slovak Republic Slovenia sludge Small Business Administration Small Business Innovatin Research (SBIR) Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Program small engines small refinery exemption (SRE) smog smokestack soap soapstock Social 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