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EU Must Ensure Biofuel Producers in Indonesia Respect Land Rights

(The Guardian)  Tighter EU rules on biofuel production are failing to protect the land rights of Indonesia's indigenous communities ...To understand the scale of the problem, Sawit Watch (sawit means palm oil in Indonesian) is supporting smallholders and indigenous people in more than 660

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More Accurate ILUC Carbon Accounting

by Joanna Schroeder (DomesticFuel.com)  Dr. Jesper Hedal Kløverpris and Dr. Steffen Mueller have proposed a new approach to measuring the climate impact of biofuels related land-use changes (ILUC) as opposed to other land use changes: “Baseline Time Accounting Concept” and believe it should

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Baseline Time Accounting Significantly Improves the Climate Impact Assessment of Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC)

(PR NewsWire)  Accounting for dynamics in the global agricultural area reduces the current estimated contributions to global warming from ILUC by 60-70% Indirect land use models that forecast the global warming impact of biofuels production incorporate time accounting in a very

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Using Manure To Mend Mine-Damaged Soils

(USDA Agricultural Research Service)  From 1850 to 1950, the Tri-State Mining District of southwestern Missouri, southeastern Kansas, and northeastern Oklahoma produced 50 percent of the zinc and 10 percent of the lead in the United States. The last active mine

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Kenoi: Biodiesel Deal of No Benefit to Residents, County

by Erin Miller (West Hawaii Today)  Aina Koa Pono’s biodiesel proposal isn’t a good deal for Hawaii County residents, Mayor Billy Kenoi said Monday, hours before the Public Utilities Commission was set to begin its first Big Island hearing on

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BSR Publishes Sustainability Report, Seeks Public Comments

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  BSR, a nonprofit membership organization focused on consulting, research and cross-sector collaboration, has released a new report that assesses the sustainability impacts of commercial transportation fuels, as well as the market outlook for a

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Scientists Make Case for Sustainable Approach to Bioenergy

by Susanne Retka Schill  (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  Increasing demand for bioenergy feedstock is generating debates about food versus fuel and indirect land-use change. An interdisciplinary team of 11 scientists from seven European countries and the U.S. recently published a paper reviewing

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Growing Biofuels on "Surplus" Land May Be Harder Than Estimated

by Nathanael Massey (Scientific American/Climatewire) A new study shows that degraded, marginal or abandoned land may not be very productive for growing fuel crops ...From the California desert to the badlands around Chernobyl, Ukraine, bioenergy is taking root in the form of

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Zimbabwe: Chisumbanje's Ethanol Can Transform People's Lives - Mangoma

(All Africa)  The Chisumbanje Ethanol Project, if properly managed has the potential of bringing about meaningful development that can change the lives of the people and turn around the fortunes of the country's economy, Hon. Elton Mangoma has said. Hon. Mangoma

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World Bank Rejects Call to Halt Land Deals

(Newstime Africa)  The World Bank has rejected a call to suspend its involvement in large scale agricultural land acquisition following the release of a major report by the international aid agency Oxfam on the negative impact of international land speculation

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Which Biofuels Hold the Most Promise for the Future - Interview with Jim Lane

by James Stafford (Oilprice.com)   Following record droughts across the United States the benefits of the ethanol subsidy were once again hotly debated and biofuels in general found themselves generating quite a few unflattering headlines. But as always the mainstream media

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Brazilian Biofuels That Cause Land-Use Change May Have Much Larger Non-GHG Air Quality Emissions Than Fossil Fuels

by C.-C. Tsao , J. E. Campbell, M. Mena-Carrasco, S. N. Spak, G. R. Carmichael, and Y. Chen  (Environmental Science and Technology)  Although biofuels present an opportunity for renewable energy production, significant land-use change resulting from biofuels may contribute to negative

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Biofuel Target Will Add £35 Every Year to the Cost of Running a Car

by Louise Gray (The Telegraph)  Drivers will be forced to pay an extra £35 a year due to a European climate change target, a report by Oxfam has found. ...The report states that a family currently spends an average £840 a

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Biogas Boom in Germany Leads to Modern-Day Land Grab

by Nils Klawitter (Der Spiegel)  Creating energy from corn once seemed like a revolutionary idea in Germany. But subsidies for the biogas industry have led to entire regions of the country being covered by the crop, and investors are eagerly

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Senegalese Villagers Vow to Fight Biofuels Project

(AFP/Global Energy World)  Villagers from northern Senegal vowed Thursday to fight a project by Senegalese and Italian investors to produce biofuels on their land, a venture already forced to relocate once by deadly protests. "We will fight those who want to

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Food and Fuel: Back on the Table

by Robert Vierhout (ePURE/Ethanol Producer Magazine)  ...Other favorite critics such as Oxfam also see the present situation as a new opportunity to slam the EU biofuel policy. The head of the EU office crucifies the policy in a July 16 article

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Biofuel Expansion in Central America and the Myth of Vacant Land

(World Watch Institute/Environmental News Network)  ...In response to global criticisms that biofuels drive deforestation and threaten food security, Central American governments and interest groups specify that biofuel expansion will occur on “tierras ociosas”�—or vacant, unproductive land. This may include land

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Guatemala Farmers Losing Their Land to Europe's Demand for Biofuels

by John Vidal (The Guardian)  Indigenous smallholder farmers are being violently evicted as companies move in to satisfy Europe's hunger for biofuels ...Over the next four days, 10 more villages were cleared. By the end of March 2011, around 800 families

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Face the Truth: Europe’s Biofuels Bonanza Causes Hunger in Africa

by David Cronin (New Europe Online)  ...The production of biofuels is a central factor behind the grabbing of land in Africa. Yet rather than using food crops, many of the players in this murky game have recently chosen jatropha, a

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Shell Scraps Controversial Biofuels Plan after Brazilian Indian Protest

(SurvivalInternational.org)  ...But some of its sugar cane is grown on land claimed by the Guarani tribe, one of the most persecuted and impoverished in South America. Their leaders are regularly killed by gunmen acting for the sugar cane growers and cattle ranchers who

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Pasture Rent Considerations for Beef Producers

by South Dakota State University (iGrow)  Rental rates for range and pastureland are on the rise, due to increasing demands for corn, says Ken Olson, SDSU Extension Beef Specialist. "Increasing demand for corn for ethanol production and growing export markets has

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Senegal: Researchers Help Draft Biofuel Law

by Theodore Kouadio  (AllAfrica.com)  Senegal's government has called on the expertise of the country's researchers in drafting a new national law to regulate the production and environmental impact of biofuels. The law was developed in collaboration with scientists from the country's

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Kogi to Establish Biodiesel Refinery

by Usman A. Bello (Daily Trust)  The Kogi State government has said its planned biodiesel refinery would be completed on schedule in Itobe area of the state. Acting Governor of the state, Arc. Yomi Awoniyi said this yesterday when he received

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Ethanol Land Use Debate Continues

by Cindy Zimmerman (DomesticFuel.com)  he debate over ethanol, greenhouse gases and land use continues – and that was the topic of a panel discussion at the recent 17th annual National Ethanol Conference. The panel, moderated byRenewable Fuels AssociationVP of Research and Analysis

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EU Seeks Tighter CO2 Grip on Farms, Forests -Draft

by Francesco Guarascio and Barbara Lewis (Reuters)  The EU forestry and farming sectors will have to monitor and report from 2013 any changes to land use that could affect greenhouse gas emissions as part of the bloc's measures to curb climate change,

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Soil Erosion Increasing Global Warming Threat: UNEP

by Nina Chestney (Reuters)   Global warming will get worse as agricultural methods accelerate the rate of soil erosion, which depletes the amount of carbon the soil is able to store, a United Nations' Environment Programme report said on Monday. Soil contains

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Reducing the Impacts of Biofuels on Biodiversity

(Netzwerk Biotreibstoffe)  There is mounting concern that increasing biofuels production is having significant biodiversity impacts. A study by the International Food Policy Research Institute estimated that achieving the EU target would lead to a global increase in cropland of more

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The Future of Costa Rica: Leading Biofuel Production

(The Costa Rica News)  ...Blame it on increased awareness of climate change or on the fact that humans have found this new appreciation for nature but biofuel production is the newest craze to hit Costa Rica! Renewable Energy Farms are by

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EPA Issues Notice of Data Availability Concerning Renewable Fuels Produced from Palm Oil Under the RFS Program

(US Environmental Protection Agency)  he U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is issuing a Notice of Data Availability (NODA) to release its lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) analysis of palm oil used as a feedstock to produce biodiesel and renewable diesel under the Renewable

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News You Can Use: 5 Biofuels Reports Worth Getting Now

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  ...1. The USDA’s crop land report. What: An in-depth analysis of U.S. land use patterns released this week by the U.S. Department of Agriculture shows total cropland decreased by 34 million acres from 2002 to 2007,

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US – Ethanol Growth Not Leading to Cropland Expansion-New USDA Report Shows

(BiofuelsChat.com)  An in-depth analysis of U.S. land use patterns released today by the U.S. Department of Agriculture shows total cropland decreased by 34 million acres from 2002 to 2007, the lowest level since USDA began collecting this data 1945. The

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Doing the Ethanol Shuffle

by Geoff Cooper (Renewable Fuels Association)  There’s a hot new craze called the “Ethanol Shuffle” that’s sweeping seaports from Sao Paulo to Los Angeles. No, it’s not a new dance, this shuffle is all about the “confounded realignment of the

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The Big Land Grab: What’s at Stake for Biofuels, and You?

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)   Biofuels Digest senior editor Meghan Sapp, in her other role as Secretary-General of the Europe-based PANGEA (Partners for Euro-African Green Energy), released her organization’s breakthrough report on biofuels and land grabbing in Sub-Saharan Africa,

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Implications of Biodiesel-Induced Land-Use Changes for CO2 Emissions: Case Studies in Tropical America, Africa, and Southeast Asia

by Achten, W. M. J., and L. V. Verchot (Ecology and Society)  Biofuels are receiving growing negative attention. Direct and/or indirect land-use changes that result from their cultivation can cause emissions due to carbon losses in soils and biomass and could

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Africa's Farmland in Demand: 'Is There a Better Place than This?'

by Rick Westhead (The Star)  ...Indian industrialist Sai Ramakrishna Karuturi has his eye on this lush scenery, too, but he sees something much different: the potential for large-scale commercial farming. Karuturi, from the South Indian city of Bangalore, envisions the fields

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Agrisol’s $100 Million Land Deal Opposed by US Environment Group

by Kevin Kelley (The East African)  A leading US environmental group is opposing the planned purchase of 325,000 hectares of land in Tanzania by an American company. ...Opponents charge that the deal amounts to a “land grab” that would result in

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Senegal: Biofuels Boost Land-Grab Conflict in Country

(AllAfrica.com)  A biofuels project in northern Senegal has triggered violent clashes between villagers, leaving one person dead and two seriously wounded. A police source says residents of Fanayé village "fought with sticks and machetes" in a disagreement over the project. ...According to

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Is There Too Much Land in Europe?

by Robert Vierhout (Ethanol Producer Magazine/ePURE)  ...Even if that extra demand would not exist, why would European politicians want to increase idled land, knowing that year-on-year, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, arable land in

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UK Firm's Failed Biofuel Dream Wrecks Lives of Tanzania Villagers

by Damian Carrington (The Guardian/The Observer)  The collapse of Sun Biofuels has left hundreds of Tanzanians landless, jobless, and in despair for the future "People feel this is like the return of colonialism," says Athumani Mkambala, chairman of Mhaga village in rural Tanzania.

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Publication: A Review of Environmental Issues in the Context of Biofuel Sustainability Frameworks

by Guariguata, M.R.; Masera, O.R.; Johnson, F.X.; von Maltitz, G.; Bird, N.; Tella, P.; Martínez-Bravo, R  (Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Bogor, Indonesia)  With the rapid growth of biofuel production and consumption and the proliferation of policy decisions supporting

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US Department of Energy Biomass Program Releases "Land-Use Change and Bioenergy" Summary Report

(US Department of Energy)  The Biomass Program released the "Land-Use Change and Bioenergy" summary report. This publication describes the Biomass Program’s efforts to examine the intersection of land-use change and bioenergy production. It outlines legislation requiring land-use change assessments, key

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Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC) Risks Can Be Mitigated, Says E&Y Report

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  ...ILUC mitigation practices identified by Ernst & Young include the development of advanced generation biofuels, improvements to crop yields on existing agricultural land, the use of co-products for animal feed purposes, and crop production on

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Tanzania: Sun Biofuels Jatropha Project in Kisarawe Suspended

by Finnigan Wa Simbeye    (AllAfrica.com)  An ambitious biodiesel project which was allocated over 8,000 hectares of land by Kisarawe district officials in 2008 is in trouble. Employees and casual workers of Sun Biofuels Plc, told Business Standard last weekend that work

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China is Interested in Biofuels – Why Not the West?

by John C.K. Daly (OilPrice.com/Clean Techies)   ...According to PetroChina’s Petrochemical Research Institute deputy chief engineer Fu Xingguo, China is looking at generating 933,000 tons annually of fuel ethanol and 165,000 tons of biodiesel. According to Fu, China is looking to

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From the Parliament: Opposition Warns against Rukwa Bio-Fuel Project

(The Daily News)  THE government has been warned against allocating over 320,000 hectares of prime land in Rukwa Region to an American agro-firm, Agrisol Energy, which is seeking to undertake large scale commercial farming for food, livestock, and jatropha for

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Guarani Indians in Southern Brazil Have Called on Shell to Withdraw from their Ancestral Land, Where the Oil Giant Produces ethanol from Sugar Cane, According to a Native Rights Group.

(Radio Netherlands Worldwide)  "Shell must leave our land... The companies must stop using indigenous land," said Ambrosio Vilhalva, a Guarani from the Caarapo municipality in the southern state of Mato Grosso do Sul. "We want justice, we want our land to

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A New Nexus: Meat & Dairy, Tissue Culturing, and Biofuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Can biotech and biofuels relieve pressure on water, land, food and fuel by revolutionizing meat production? ...(O)ne sector that fell outside our focus on biofuels – but has important consequences for the production of bio-based products,

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Joint Nature Conservation Committee Publishes "Indirect Land Use Change from Biofuel Production: Implications for Biodiversity"

by Monika Bertzky, Valerie Kapos & Jörn P.W. Scharlemann (Joint Nature Conservation Committee)  Inference from production statistics and modelling studies suggest that iLUC has occurred, is likely to increase with increasing demand for biofuels and needs to be considered when assessing the

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Zimbabwe: Politicking Stalling Ethanol Project - Villagers

(AllAfrica.com/The Herald)  Traditional leaders have identified unnecessary politicking as a challenge to the successful completion of the Chisumbanje Ethanol Plant. The task-force chaired by Agriculture, Mechanisation and Irrigation Development secretary Mr Ngoni Masoka visited the project yesterday. In his submission to the

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Examining Biofuels Policy

by  Rajendrani Mukhopadhyay  (Chemical and Engineering News)  Government mandates have shaped the market but not always for the best By 2050, the global population will hit between 7.5 billion and 10.5 billion. Energy demands will soar, and traditional energy supplies, such

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Cellulosic Biofuel Could Revive Farmlands Conservation Program

by Tiffany Stecker (ClimateWire/Scientific American)  A study looks into giving farmers permission to harvest cellulosic feedstocks on land set aside for wetlands and wildlife conservation Growing cellulosic feedstocks on federally subsidized conservation land could balance the biofuels emissions equation to be completely carbon-neutral,

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Answers to Your Biofuels, Biopower and Biomaterials Questions

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  At the Biomass 2011 conference in Washington, a lively debate session provided a bumper crop of questions from the audience – too many to answer at the time. At the same time, it offers us

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Biofuels: What Do the Experts Think?

by Matthew Knight (CNN)  It wasn't so long ago that biofuels were being heralded as the savior of the planet and a thoroughly green solution to our climate woes. But fair winds have been replaced by persistent storms of criticism.

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New Study Finds U.S. Ethanol Production Growth Has Not Triggered Indirect Land Use Change

(PR NewsWire/-- Prior studies failed to compare land use predictions to historical data A new study published in the July 2011 Biomass and Bioenergy Journal on indirect land use change (ILUC) due to biofuels production indicates that the real impact of U.S. biofuels

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First EU Sustainability Schemes for Biofuels Get the Go-Ahead

(European Commission)  Brussels, 19 July 2011 - Biofuels can represent an environmentally-friendly replacement of fossil fuels. However, we need to make sure that tropical forests and carbon rich peatlands are not turned into oil palm or sugarcane plantations. We also

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Biofuels Land Grab in Kenya's Tana Delta Fuels Talk of War

(Guardian News and Mail)  Gamba Manyatta village is empty now, weeds already roping around the few skeletal hut frames still standing. The people who were evicted took as much of their building materials as they could carry to start again

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Biofuels Boom in Africa as British Firms Lead Rush on Land for Plantations

by Damian Carrington and Stefano Valentino (The Guardian)  British firms have acquired more land in Africa for controversial biofuel plantations than companies from any other country, a Guardian investigation has revealed. Half of the 3.2m hectares (ha) of biofuel land identified –

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Should Government Keep Financially Supporting Ethanol? (The Debate 5/23-5/27)

(Minnesota Public Radio News)  The Assertion: The state and federal government should continue subsidizing ethanol Ethanol's promise as America's path to energy self-sufficiency once seemed strong. But in recent years, that attraction has been tempered. Even supporters of ethanol, such as

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Beyond Food vs. Fuel: FAO Finds Integrated Food and Energy Farming Could Save the Poor and the Planet

by Joelle Brink (Biofuels Digest Asia)  Before the advent of cheap petroleum, farmers often had their own “fuel patch” of local oilseed crops that served as feedstock for the biodiesel needed to power pumps, generator sets, tractors and other farm

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Food v. Fuel Revisited

by Daryll E. Ray and Harwood D. Schaffer  (Daily Yonder)  ...As we listen to this debate, the implied assumption is that the sole purpose of farming is to provide food and certainly that has been true for over half a

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Quantifying Variability in Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Inventories of Alternative Middle Distillate Transportation Fuels

Russell W. Stratton, Hsin Min Wong, and James I. Hileman  (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)   The presence of variability in life cycle analysis (LCA) is inherent due to both inexact LCA procedures and variation of numerical inputs. Variability in LCA

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Colombia Pursues Sweet Dream of Becoming a Sugar-Cane Ethanol Powerhouse

by Nathanial Gronewold (Greenwire/New York Times)  ...Though 85 percent of Colombia's cane crop is harvested this old-fashioned way, industry leaders say they have no intention of mechanizing the harvest, for fear of mass unemployment in a rural area where people

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Europe May Introduce Land Use Sustainabilty Criteria

by Joelle Brink (Biofuels Digest Asia)  This was one of the best weeks yet in the Asian biofuels industry. China decided to promote 2G biofuels production and reduce its CO2 emissions by up to 45 percent by 2020. India moved to

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Land Use Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Conventional Oil Production and Oil Sands

by Yeh, Sonia, Sarah Jordaan, Adam Brandt, Merritt R. Turetsky, Sabrina Spatari, David W. Keith  (Institute of Transportation Studies/University of California-Davis)   Debates surrounding the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from land use of biofuels production have created a need to

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Europe's Biofuel Dispute Splits the Industry

by Pete Harrison  (Reuters)  A divisive European debate over the green credentials of biofuels has stalled investment and threatens the future of some producers, but could also create lucrative opportunities, companies said on Tuesday. After a two-year investigation, the European Commission

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Tanzania: Expert Faults Commercial Jatropha Investments

(AllAfrica.com)  Jatropha should not replace any crops in arable farms and instead should be cultivated by smallholder farmers as hedges for farms, an expert has warned. Pamoja Inc Co-Director Jonathan Otto said in Dar es Salaam recently that jatropha as a

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Global Food Crisis, Biofuels and Land Grabs in Ghana

by Bright Owusu  (Ghana mma)  The time has never been riper for the people of Ghana to speak out about the terrible negligence of consecutive governments who have allowed horrendous land grabs by foreign nationals for the production of questionable

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Food vs Fuel: Are Biofuels Moral or Immoral?

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  The public says “depends on the feedstock,” but generally more moral than converting land for oil & gas or housing. An in-depth Digest survey looks at a wide variety of cases. In Florida, respondents to a

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Indirect Fuel Use Change (IFUC) and the Lifecycle Environmental Impact of Biofuel Policies

by Deepak Rajagopal, G. Hochman, and D. Zilberman (Science Direct)  A common assumption in lifecycle assessment (LCA) based estimates of greenhouse gas (GHG) benefits (or costs) of renewable fuel such as biofuel is that it simply replaces an energy-equivalent amount of

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Indirect Land Use Change: A Second-Best Solution to a First-Class Problem

by David Zilberman, Gal Hochman, and Deepak Rajagopal  (AgBioForum)  Concern about the possible effects of biofuels on deforestation have led to assigning biofuel producers with the responsibility for the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the indirect land-use changes (ILUC) associated

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Food and Fuel Debate Important to All Ethanol

by Bob Dinneen (Renewable Fuels Association/Biofuels Digest)   ...This faux debate is as important to future ethanol producers as it is to existing ethanol producers. And those looking to capitalize on starch-based ethanol’s public relations struggles need to be cognizant

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Systematic Use of Fertilizers Can Save Forests, Fight Climate Change

(IITA)  As the world grapples with the challenge of feeding an ever growing population in the face of dwindling natural resources confounded by climate change, findings from a recent research by IITA show that science-based farming methods integrating the systematic

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2 Studies Target Sticking Points, Gaps in Life-Cycle Calculations of Biofuels

by Jenny Mandel (New York Times/Greenwire)  Conducting in-depth life-cycle assessments of the environmental impacts of biofuels is complicated, and new research suggests some questions in comparing biofuels to alternatives like petroleum-based fuels will never be answered. Furthermore, one study argues, consumer

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Biofuel Crops Will Not Increase Food Prices, Shortages

by Samihah Zaman  (Gulfnews)   More production aids development There is currently no need to worry that increasing biofuel crops for transport purposes will create food shortages and food price rises in the world, a panel in the capital heard yesterday. Instead,

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DOE Federal Lab Says Life Cycle Analysis Does Not Factor in Rare Earth Metals or Mountain Top Removal

[caption id="attachment_16291" align="alignleft" width="300" caption="From left, Warren Brown, automotive columnist for the Washington Post and Ron Cogan, publisher of Green Car Journal co-moderate Green Car Summit Panel: Tom Baloga, VP Engineering for BMW North America; Susan M. Cischke, Group VP,

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Spinning ILUC Policy the European Way

by Robert Vierhout  (ePURE/Ethanol Producer Magazine)  It took the European Commission several stakeholder meetings, two public consultations and many more economic modelling studies to conclude that the indirect land use change (ILUC) effects of biofuel demand are not that obvious.

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How Agricultural Biotechnology Boosts Food Supply and Accomodates Biofuels

by Steven Sexton, David Zilberman   (National Bureau of Economic Research)  Increased global demand for biofuels is placing increased pressure on agricultural systems at a time when traditional sources of yield improvements have been mostly exhausted, generating concerns about the future of

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Study Estimates Land Available for Biofuel Crops

(EurekAlert/University of Illinois-Champaign-Urbana)  Using detailed land analysis, Illinois researchers have found that biofuel crops cultivated on available land could produce up to half of the world's current fuel consumption – without affecting food crops or pastureland. Published in the journal Environmental Science

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Disarming the Food to Fuel Conflict Part 2: The Misinformation Campaign

by Christopher Klug (Tiny Green Bubble)  ...According to the Renewable Fuels Association data, the United States produced and used approximately 10.6 billion gallons of ethanol in 2009, making the US the largest producer of ethanol in the world. (Renewable Fuels

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Disarming the Food to Fuel Conflict Part 1: The Biofuel History

by Christopher Klug (Tiny Green Bubble)  In the United States, domestic ethanol production and motor fuel additives are becoming more and more common. However, a bevy of misinformation campaigns surround the use of resources for these clean energy initiatives. These

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Swiss Study Urges Support to Second Generation of Biofuels

(Khabrein) A new Swiss Study by the federal office of power and environment assured that the so-called "second generation of Biofuels" has good chances for the environment and development as well. "Second generation biofuels impress, because of the characteristic that raw materials

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Biofuels: Europe Adopts Report on Indirect Land Use Change

by S.C.  (TeatroNaturale International)   The Commission published today (December 22, 2010) a report on indirect land use change related to biofuels and bioliquids. The report acknowledges that indirect land use change can reduce greenhouse gas emissions savings associated with biofuels,

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Deforestation 'Not So Important for Climate Change'

by Fred Pearce   (New Scientist)  Climate negotiations were dealt a bombshell at the weekend when ecologists reported that carbon emissions from the destruction of tropical forests are probably only half previous estimates. If we are emitting less carbon dioxide from deforestation that's

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Review Highlights Knowledge Gaps Surrounding Biofuels and Land Use Change

(PR NewsWire/Hart Energy)  The development of biofuels has increased exponentially over the past decade, and will continue to do so as many countries seek to move away from dependence on fossil fuels. However, increasing use of biofuels raises serious questions about

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Brazil 2010 Amazon Deforestation Data Shows Lowest Rate Ever Recorded

(PR NewsWire)  Deforested area reaches lowest levels for second consecutive year Deforestation rates in the Brazilian Amazon declined 14 percent from August 2009 to July 2010, reaching the lowest rates ever recorded for the second consecutive year, President Luiz Inacio Lula

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Africa Mulls Biofuels as Land Grab Fears Grow

(International Business Times)  Farmers in this iron-roof village in Sierra Leone say they didn't know what they were getting into when they leased their land for a biofuel crop they now fear threatens their food harvests. Addax Bioenergy, part of privately-owned Swiss

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Biofuel Plan Will Cause Rise in Carbon Emissions

by Oliver Wright (The Independent)  Britain is signed up to a European guarantee to source 10 per cent of its transport fuel from renewable sources, such as biofuels, within the next 10 years.  But ministers have said that the policy is

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EU Biofuels Goals May Increase Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Lobby Groups Say

by Alex Morales  (Bloomberg)  Biofuels targets in the European Union could raise emissions of greenhouse gases because forests and wetlands will be destroyed to grow the crops necessary, nine environmental groups said in a study. ...The EU aims to get 10 percent

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Nagoya 2010: Weighing up the Risks and Benefits of Biofuels Development

(United Nations Environment Programme) Water, land use change and invasive species are key factors that must be addressed alongside greenhouse gas cuts Water could determine the degree to which bioenergy can contribute to combating climate change by reducing the world's reliance on

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Assumptions in the European Union Biofuels Policy: Frictions with Experiences in Germany, Brazil and Mozambique

by David Fig, Jennifer Franco, Lucia Goldfarb. Les Levidow, Mireille Hönicke, Maria Luisa Mendonça  (Transnational Insitute)   The biofuel project is an agro-industrial development and politically contested policy process where governments increasingly become global actors. European Union (EU) biofuels policy rests upon

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Disputes Lurk behind Biofuel Projects — Study

(The Citizen Reporter)  Tanzania urgently needs to put in place a policy framework to guide biofuel crops production and stave off the danger of serious food shortages in communities around biofuel plantations, a new study has warned. “The government of is on

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Biofuels Done Right: Land Efficient Animal Feeds Enable Large Environmental and Energy Benefits

by Bruce E. Dale, Bryan D. Bals, Seungdo Kim and Pragnya Eranki (Biomass Conversion Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, and Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University)    There is an intense ongoing debate regarding the

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Dept. of Energy Researchers: ILUC Impact "Minimal to Zero"

(Renewable Fuels Association)  The unproven notion that expanded U.S. ethanol production means new acres around the world must be brought into cultivation is taking another blow.  In  a soon-to-be published paper,  researchers at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National

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Argentine Researchers Find Major Flaws in US EPA’s Indirect Land Use Change Methodology

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Argentina, researchers from INTA, analyzing the assumptions of the US EPA’s indirect land use change models, concluded that “•    Significant errors have been verified in the determination of the original use of lands in

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The Massive Potential of U.S. Biofuels

by Al Fin (OilPrice.com)  ...Up until now, most people analysing US biofuels potential have failed to look at a realistic and integrated system of fuels and food. In real life -- unlike a typical computer model with excessively simplified and

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Brazil Set to Assist Tanzania Survey Biofuel Farming Areas

by Beatrice Philamon (IPP Media)  Tanzanian and Brazilian experts are expected to carry out a countrywide survey to identify and propose strategic areas that would be allocated for biofuel farming. “Our intention is to have special areas or land that will be

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Biofuels: a New Methodology to Estimate GHG Emissions Due to Global Land Use Change

by Roland Hiederer, Fabien Ramos, et al. (European Commission Joint Research Centre)  This study implements a new methodology developed by the JRC IES and IE for estimating changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soil and above- and below-ground biomass resulting

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Journal of Peasant Studies Publishes Perspectives on New Agrarian Relations Related to Biofuels

(Journal of Peasant Studies)   In this collection we ask a number of questions emerging out of the new agrarian political economy created by the ‘biofuel complex’. Together the papers offer perspectives from political economy, political sociology and political ecology, and

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Swedish Biofuels Do Have Major Benefits for the Climate

(Alpha Galileo)  For the first time, researchers have taken an overall look at Swedish biofuels and analysed what impact they have on the environment, both in relation to one another and to the fossil fuel alternatives petrol and diesel. The results

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Africa: Up for Grabs

(Friends of the Earth International)   The African continent is increasingly being seen as a source of agricultural land and natural resources for the rest of the world. National governments and private companies are obtaining access to land across the continent

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African Case Study: Palm Oil and Economic Development in Nigeria and Ghana; Recommendations for the World Bank's 2010 Palm Oil Strategy

by Thompson Ayodele (Initiative for Public Policy Analysis)  Forward by  Dr. Matthew O. Eshalomi:  Growth and prosperity of an economy are central to the longterm reduction in poverty for both economic and environmental sustainability. Palm oil and palm oil manufacturing represents

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Brazilian Biofuels Run into EU Obstacles

by Yans Felippe Geckler (IPS News)  Brazil has begun a counterattack on the European Union's measures for certifying crop-based fuels, which could lead to import barriers for this energy source coming from the South American giant. ...The EU's certification requirements for

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Another Brick in the (Blend) Wall: Key Thresholds and Barriers for Biofuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  ...But even were the US EPA to approve E15 ethanol blending, there are some other significant walls and thresholds to keep in mind. Here are the Digest’s Top 10. 1. The $60 oil parity wall.  At the

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Journal of Industrial Ecology Gathers Corn Ethanol Debate Articles

edited by Reid Lifset (Journal of Industrial Ecology)   Includes Corn Ethanol Articles Related to Debate over Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Corn-Ethanol The Journal of Industrial Ecology is pleased to make the following articles on the greenhouse gas emissions from corn-ethanol freely available

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The Land Rush Doesn't Have to End in a Poor Deal for Africans

by Katie Allen (The Guardian)  It is not too late for equitable partnerships to flourish between foreign investors and local communities ...Sadly for anyone who happens to live on that farmland there are countless examples of governments handing it over at

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APOV: A Strong Case for Ethanol

by John M. Sawyer and Michael C. Sawyer  (The Daily News)  ...Corn ethanol is not responsible for destruction of forest land. Total U.S. crop acres are actually declining, total U.S. land devoted to crops will be 346 million acres in

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Farmers & Ranchers Don’t Deserve Blame For World Hunger

by Richard Keller   (Cattle Network)  As renewable fuels continues to be something that people of the world support in general, there also continues to be those complaints that crop production and land use for fuels is inappropriate when so much

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Renewable Fuels Association Analysis Reveals More Problems With EPA GHG Accounting

(Renewable Fuels Association)  Further analysis of EPA’s Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS) reveals more errors in the agency’s calculation of corn ethanol and other biofuels’ carbon intensity, according to new analysis by the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA). In a letter to EPA

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World Bank Says Foreign Investors Are Crowding Out African Producers

by Katie Allen (The Guardian)   Leaked report says wealthy investors are threatening local resources as they buy up farmland to gain on commodity prices A leaked World Bank report into investors from rich nations buying up African farmland has intensified campaigners'

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Report Finds Bioenergy Production Can Expand across Africa without Displacing Food

(EurekAlert)  Policies needed to address potential conflicts, but report views bioenergy as crucial to 'unlocking Africa's latent potential'. Crops can be produced for bioenergy on a significant scale in west, eastern and southern Africa without doing damage to food production or

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Critics Slam EU-Brazil African Biofuel Plan

by Andrew Willis (Bloomberg Businessweek)  EU and Brazilian leaders are set to announce a new "triangular co-operation" initiative, under which they will aim to work together in some of the world's poorest countries, but NGOs say the duo's scheme is self-centred

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25 Million Acres of Corn with Nowhere to Go, by 2030? A Digest Special Report

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  ...(D)oomsayers who have been predicting an inevitable conflict between food and fuel appear to have been completely off the mark. Rather than a shortage of food, the increased pace of biotechnology innovation associated with bioenergy is

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Considerations for Factoring Biomass into Clean Energy

(Washington Post)  Editorial     ...Many lawmakers want the government to require utilities to derive a certain percentage of their electricity from clean sources. And one of the sources that would probably qualify is so-called renewable biomass -- everything from forest debris

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USDA Report Punches Another Hole in Land Use Change Theory

(Renewable Fuels Association)  The amount of land dedicated to crops in the United States has dropped for the second straight year in 2010, according to a report released today by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The report, which shows total cropland

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Greenhouse Gas Mitigation by Agricultural Intensification

by  Jennifer A. Burney, Steven J. Davis, and David B. Lobell  (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)  As efforts to mitigate climate change increase, there is a need to identify cost-effective ways to avoid emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Agriculture is

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Biomass Better than Coal? War over Carbon Accounting Erupts

by Jim Lane (Biomass Digest)  In Washington, the Environment Working Group has released a study that claims the impacts of the American Clean Energy and Security Act (ACESA)—which has already passed the House of Representatives—would require the equivalent of cutting

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High-Yield Agriculture Slows Pace of Global Warming, Say Stanford Researchers

by Louis Bergeron  (Stanford University)  Advances in high-yield agriculture over the latter part of the 20th century have prevented massive amounts of greenhouse gases from entering the atmosphere – the equivalent of 590 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide – according

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Palm Oil’s Promotion as Diesel Alternative Draws Fire

by Beth Gardiner  (New York Times)  Ubiquitous in products from cookies to cosmetics, and increasingly in European fuel tanks, too, palm oil is driving the destruction of some of Southeast Asia’s last tracts of untouched rainforest and leading to huge

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RFA: Carbon Accounting Should Be Equitable, Based on Science

(Renewable Fuels Association)  The Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) today continued to call into question accounting gimmicks and unproven theories used by environmental activists seeking to undermine the growth of biofuels as a way to displace fossil fuels. The latest iteration is a

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Food, Feed and Fuel Combine for a Modicum of Grain Price Stability

by Treena Hein  (Australian Farm Journal/June 2010)  Despite all the debate about negative climate change impacts on agriculture and rising world population increasing demand for food, the stark reality is that world grain stocks are finely balanced. Treena Hein discovers

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Figuring Land Use into Renewable-Energy Equation

by Martin LaMonica (CNET, ZDNet)   Imagine if your country had an unlimited budget but a limited amount of land: what renewable energy has the most potential? Rutgers University professor Clinton Andrews and colleagues ran the numbers on this thought experiment and came

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Hanford Land Has Potential after Cleanup, Leaders Say

by Annette Cary (TriCityHerald.com)  The Hanford nuclear reservation is getting cleaned up, and some of its land will be available for new uses in 2015, just when Hanford employment is dropping, said Gary Petersen, Tri-City Development Council vice president of Hanford

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Indirect Land Use: One Consideration Too Many in Biofuel Regulation

by David Zilberman, Gal Hochman, and Deepak Rajagopal  (Agricultural and Resource Economics Update -- University of California)   ...While including Indirect Land Use Effects in assessing the impact of biofuel seems appealing, we will argue here against an indirect land use in biofuel

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EPA's 'Tailoring Rule' and the Biomass Industry

(RenewableEnergyWorld.com)  ...Including biomass power plants under the EPA’s tailoring rule is a clear policy shift and may imply a change in position for future policy.  The lack of distinction between renewable biomass as an alternative fuel to traditional fossil fuels like

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Ethanol Has Pushed Up Meat Prices? Bull

by Larry and Judy Kay  (Des Moines Register)  Letter to the Editor   Bloomberg ran a story about the rising price of meat on April 26, suggesting that the demand for ethanol was to blame. This is ridiculous. We are cattle feeders,

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Biofuel Project Sparks Wrangle

(AllAfrica)  A planned biofuel project in Magarini District (Kenya) has put Malindi County Council and ecologists on a collision course. This follows a request by the National Environment Management Authority for residents' views on the project, which requires 50,000 acres to

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What If There Is No Climate/Energy Bill? Civil Society Institute Report from Synapse Shows Clean Energy Future Still Possible for US

(The Clean)  With Uncertainty Mounting About Climate/Energy Bill, Major New Study for CSI Details Path for Breaking Away From "Business As Usual" in the Electric Power Sector. What happens if Congress fails to pass a climate or energy bill in 2010? Even

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Southeast Asia – the Bio-Based Arabia?

by Per Dahlen (Biofuels Digest)   ...Putting all this data together we seen that Southeast Asia requires some 2.7Mbpd, or 135 million tons per year to eliminate oil imports and to increase energy security. With second generation biofuels crops and technologies

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Abengoa Takes on Myths about Biofuels with Evidence

(Abengoa Bioenergy)  Biofuels are being attacked. The claim "Bioethanol is the main cause of increased food prices is one of the many falsehoods that are being made to reach the public. Therefore, we decided to defend the sector and remove

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“You Have a Friend in Bioenergy”: Sustainability, Advanced Biofuels, Rural Incomes and the Developing World

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  ...With respect to energy security, consider this: it is estimated that ten percent of all US military casualties come from the delivery of fuel. Even if it were true that none of the deployments of

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Purdue Report Refutes Indirect Land Use Numbers

(Farm Futures)   A recently completed analysis from Purdue University concluded that the California Air Resources Board overestimated the indirect land use change impact of grain-based ethanol by a factor of two in developing its Low Carbon Fuels Standard one year

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Towards Sustainable Biofuel Development: Assessing the Local Impacts of Large-Scale Foreign Land Acquisitions in Ghana

  by George C. Schoneveld, Laura A. German, and Eric Nutakor  (World Bank)  This paper assesses the effectiveness of the Ghanaian legal and institutional framework in managing the trade-offs of large-scale land acquisition, particularly for biofuel feedstock expansion. The research focuses

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America Has Lost More Than Twenty-three Million Acres of Agricultural Land

(American Farmland Trust)  —“The findings from the 2007 National Resources Inventory (NRI) serve as a stark reminder that our nation’s agricultural land base—and the benefits it supplies—is threatened by poorly planned development,” says Jon Scholl, President of American Farmland Trust

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Attention Whole Foods Shoppers: Your "Sustainable" Mantra -- Organic, Local, and Slow -- Is No Recipe for Saving the World's Hungry Millions

by Robert Paarlberg (Foreign Policy) ... Food has become an elite preoccupation in the West, ironically, just as the most effective ways to address hunger in poor countries have fallen out of fashion. Helping the world's poor feed themselves is no longer

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Jatropha: Mozambique's New Biofuel Hope

by Jeffrey Barbee (Global Post)  ...Sun Biofuels, a British company, has been planting thousands of acres of jatropha at a former tobacco farm here and in other sites in Africa. The company hopes the jatropha oil will help it cash

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Visualizing Sustainability: Developing Geospatial Technology to Address Sustainable Biofuel Production: Modeling Land Use and Land Use Change in Brazil

By Leila Harfuch (Brazilian Institute for International Trade Negotiations). In her talk she underlined the modeling land use and land use change in Brazil, stressing out deforestation as a serious issue. Deforestation causes and affects cattle and pasture land expansion. The

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The Dirty Underside of Lula's Clean Energy Revolution

by Nikolas Kozloff  (Foreign Policy)  ...Buffeted by the oil price shock of 1973, the country's military dictators grew concerned about Brazil's reliance on foreign imports of fossil fuels. Their solution: Pour government subsidies into the sugar industry and mandate ethanol

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Biofuels and Global Trade Study Goes Online

"Global trade and environmental impact of the EU biofuels mandate" is the title of a study finalised by the International Food Policy Research Institute this 25 March 2010. The report is one of four studies commissioned by the European Commission

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Scientists Look to Tobacco as a Potential Biofuel

by Michael Felberbaum (AP)  ...Tobacco is an attractive "energy plant" because it can generate a large amount of oil and sugar more efficiently than other crops, said Vyacheslav Andrianov, a researcher at the Biotechnology Foundation Laboratories at Thomas Jefferson University in

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Uganda Scientists Find Ways to Get Ethanol from Stems, Leaves

by Halima Abdallah  (The East African)  Uganda scientists have made a breakthrough in extracting bio-ethanol from non-food parts of plants — cassava stems, cassava leaves, pineapple leaves, elephant grass stems and wood — opening the way for commercial production of ethanol

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Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Changes to Renewable Fuel Standard Program; Final Rule

Under the Clean Air Act Section 211(o), as amended by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA), the Environmental Protection Agency is required to promulgate regulations implementing changes to the Renewable Fuel Standard program.   The revised statutory requirements specify

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Angolan Parliament Approves New Biofuels Law

by Henrique Almeida  (Reuters)  Angola's parliament on Wednesday approved a new law to regulate the production of biofuels, opening the way for multi-billion dollar investments in the sector. The African nation, which rivals Nigeria as the continent's top oil producer, hopes

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International Energy Forum's Assessment of Biofuels Potential and Limitiations

by Claude Mandil and Adnan Shihab-Eldin  (International Energy Forum) Biofuels production, driven by the potential to contribute to energy security, climate change mitigation and rural development, has experienced rapid growth in recent years. Several countries have initiated policies to support

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How Food And Water Are Driving a 21st-Century African Land Grab

by John Vidal (The Guardian; The Observer) ...The farm manager shows us millions of tomatoes, peppers and other vegetables being grown in 500m rows in computer controlled conditions. Spanish engineers are building the steel structure, Dutch technology minimises water use from two

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University of Minnesota Speaker Says Global Land Use Must Be Considered in Biofuel Debate

by Heather Thorstensen (AgriNews.com)  John Sheehan of the University of Minnesota says the debate on biofuels should shift from food versus fuel to how land is used globally for biofuel production and other purposes. "We need to not look at land

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EU Biofuels 10% Targets Cause Millions of People to Go Hungry and Increase Food Prices and Landlessness, Says Report

by John Vidal (The Guardian)  EU companies have taken millions of acres of land out of foodproduction in Africa, central America and Asia to grow biofuels for transport, according to development campaigners. The consequences of European biofuel targets, said the

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Is Ethanol from Corn Bad for the Climate? The Obama Administration Says No, California Says Yes. Who Is Right?

by Douglas Fischer (Scientific American)  The Obama administration last week gave the green light to corn ethanol as a low-carbon renewable fuel – in apparent contradiction to California's declaration last summer that the biofuel's carbon footprint was too big to

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Indirect Land-Use Changes Can Overcome Carbon Savings from Biofuels in Brazil

David M. Lapola, Ruediger Schaldach, Joseph Alcamo, Alberte Bondeau, Jennifer Koch, Christina Koelking, and Joerg A. Priess (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)  Abstract:  The planned expansion of biofuel plantations in Brazil could potentially cause both direct and indirect

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UC Merced Scientist Honored for Biofuels Research

(Central Valley Business Times)  The mass production of biofuels could be a major step toward eliminating dependence on fossil fuels, but a number of factors have stood in the way, including the argument against using productive agricultural land for fuel

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Getting a True Measure on Biofuels: Effects of 'Indirect' Land Use Figure in Energy Future

by C. Boyden Gray (Washington Times)  Little noticed outside a small policy community, an issue has quietly arisen in recent years that, while seemingly technical, has the potential to derail the nation's attempts to address the issues of energy security

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Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill 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Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel 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Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane 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nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC 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