by Jack Biddle (The New Zealand Herald) Blended fuel is fine in suitable cars. ... Ethanol blended biofuel was introduced by Gull in August 2007 amid controversy over its suitability for a high percentage of the New Zealand fleet. Concerns were
Australia
Back TO HOME4 Minutes with…Michael Sweet, Managing Director, Brilliant Adventures Australia
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ... Jatropha agriculture in Fujian Province. Brilliant Australia came first in 2004 in Madagascar where plantations were set up on communal village lands to grow Jatropha. ... I have now moved away from mainland China and taken up residence
February 06, 2015 Read Full Article
The Worldwide Push for Aviation Biofuels
by Keith Campbell (Engineering News) On October 19, 2004, the world’s first exclusively biofuel powered production aircraft received its certification, allowing it to be flown operationally. That aircraft was (and is) the Neiva (now Embraer) EMB-202A Ipanema crop duster. This
January 16, 2015 Read Full Article
Why Bacteria Could Be the Answer to a Future without Oil
by Jeff Errington (The Conversation) ... Historically petroleum has been used to develop the chemicals needed for products such as pesticides, food supplements and make-up. Although many of the building blocks required to make these chemicals occur naturally, trying to take those
January 07, 2015 Read Full Article
Biofuels Mandates Around the World: 2015
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Who mandates what in biofuels? 64 countries have targets or mandates — but how much where, and when, and what? In Florida, the Digest today releases its annual review of biofuels mandates and targets around
January 05, 2015 Read Full Article
10 Biggest Bioeconomy Blockbuster Stories of 2014: Asia and Oceania
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) The East is Green. Asia is confirmed as “the new Brazil” as project developers head en masse to the friendly receptions in Asian countries — based on energy diversification and rural development opportunities. Whether you look
December 29, 2014 Read Full Article
Biofuel Promise Evaporates as Algae.Tec Moves Offshore
by Adam Wright (South Coast Register) In December 2013 Algae.Tec announced plans for an $80 million facility at South Nowra that would employ 100 people. The company signed a long-term lease with Shoalhaven City Council for a shed at Flinders
December 07, 2014 Read Full Article
Biofuels Sector on the Edge
by Emily Parkinson (Financial Review) Australia’s struggling biofuels industry has had an annus horribilis. First came the budget decision to scrap the excise-free status the sector believed would be in place until 2021. “It threw us completely,” Andrew White, chief
November 25, 2014 Read Full Article
Can Algae Be the Next Biofuel?
by William Tucker (Fuel Freedom Foundation) The lure of the oceans has always had a special appeal for advocates of biofuel. The vast reaches of the deep speak of a promise that unlimited amounts of space will be able to bring
November 20, 2014 Read Full Article
Righteous Heat: 10 Hot Slides from ABLCNext Do the Show-and-Tell on Who's Got the Magic
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) 10 hot companies, The Young Fresh Faces, the Later-Stagers, the Out-of-the-Box Thinkers - who is challenging the status quo and how and why? Here are new slides from the Advanced Biofuels Leadership Conference – ABLC Next
November 20, 2014 Read Full Article
4 Minutes With…Susan Pond, Program Leader, Alternative Transport Fuels Initiative, University of Sydney
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ... Within the next 12 months, I want to see Australia develop strategic policies aimed at: reducing its almost exclusive reliance on imported, liquid fossil fuels for transport energy; mitigating the annual addition of large quantities
November 03, 2014 Read Full Article
Muradel Launches Green Crude Demo Plant
(Algae Industry Magazine) Renewable fuels company Muradel has launched Australia’s first integrated demonstration plant to sustainably convert algae into green crude, as a first step towards a commercial plant with the potential to produce 80 million liters of crude oil
October 31, 2014 Read Full Article
State of the Algae Industry: 10 Top-Level Commercial Leaders Look at the Path to Scale
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) 10 leaders, 10 enterprises, 10 paths to scale — what’s really key to making algae a commercial crop for feed, fuel and pharma, soon? This week at the Algae Biomass Summit, a pair of key sessions
October 02, 2014 Read Full Article
Do GMO Crops Foster Monoculture?
by Steve Savage (GMO Answers) Do GMO crops "foster monoculture?" This is a frequent criticism of modern agriculture. I have three with problems it: "Monoculture" isn't the right term to use to describe the relevant issues - it’s really about a
August 29, 2014 Read Full Article
8 Trends Driving Aviation Biofuels Today
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ... SkyNRG is undertaking its first major feedstock project in South Africa, featuring a nicotine-free energy tobacco crop that’s developed by Sunchem under the name of Solaris. Which is an excellent reminder of how much activity
August 07, 2014 Read Full Article
Not Just Koala Chow: Genetic Secrets of Eucalyptus Tree Revealed
by Will Dunham (Reuters) Eucalyptus leaves are the main food supply for Australia's koalas, but there is a lot more to the tree than that. ... An international team of researchers this week unveiled the genetic blueprint of the tree species Eucalyptus grandis
August 06, 2014 Read Full Article
Algae’s Secret Investor Trims the Sails: Reliance Re-Ups Algenol, Algae.Tec, Drops Aurora Algae
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ... Though neither Reliance, Algenol nor Aurora Algae have agreed to go on the record and comment on the state of relations, we can now report that the Digest has learned that, according to sources, Reliance
August 04, 2014 Read Full Article
New Council of International Biotech Associations Formed
(Biotechnology Industry Organization) An international confederation of biotechnology trade associations announced today the ratification of bylaws creating the International Council of Biotechnology Associations (ICBA), with the expressed purpose of advocating for public policies that support the growth of the innovative
July 22, 2014 Read Full Article
Navy Looks to Biofuels in 2016
by Mark Matsunaga (U.S. Pacific Fleet Public Affairs/The Lemoore Navy News) Ships and aircraft in the next Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) Exercise could be running on biofuels, and they won't even need to know it, according to speakers at
July 18, 2014 Read Full Article
Australia Repeals Its Carbon Tax
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Australia, the newly installed Senate, which changed over its membership on July 1st following elections late last year, endorsed a series of bills (already passed in the House of Representatives) eliminating the carbon tax
July 18, 2014 Read Full Article
Aurora Algae Farm Throws Down Green Guantlet in Oil State
by Tina Casey (Clean Technica) We’ve been following the Aurora Algae company’s progress in Australia for a couple of years, so imagine our surprise when all of a sudden the company popped up deep in the heart of oil country. Earlier
July 09, 2014 Read Full Article
Tequila Sunrise: Byogy, AusAgave Sign Pact to Advance Agave as Aviation Biofuels Feedstock
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) It’s been known as a source of fiber, and tequila. But exotically high per acre yields and sugar content, and adaptability for low-water and marginal land prompt a key hook-up between Byogy and AusAgave. Can agave transform
June 17, 2014 Read Full Article
Not Just Koala Chow: Genetic Secrets of Eucalyptus Tree Revealed
by Will Dunham (Reuters) Eucalyptus leaves are the main food supply for Australia's koalas, but there is a lot more to the tree than that. It is native to Australia but has become the world's most widely planted hardwood tree. The
June 17, 2014 Read Full Article
Byogy Renewables Strengthens Competitiveness by Investing in Supply Chain
(Byogy Renewables/Nassau News Live) Continuing its commitment to deliver price competitive, 100% replacement biofuels and chemicals, Byogy Renewables Inc. has invested in a strategic partnership with AusAgave Australia, as part of the upstream integration of multiple feedstocks to develop low
June 12, 2014 Read Full Article
Producers, Industry Veterans Describe Opportunities in Ethanol
by Susanne Retka Schill (Ethanol Producer Magazine) ... Ethanol has gone through many cycles, said Lucy Norton, managing director of Iowa Renewable Fuels. It became popular in the fuel shortages around the oil embargoes in the industry’s early years, and then as
June 12, 2014 Read Full Article
Fishing For Profit
by Holly Jessen (Ethanol Producer Magazine) Ethanol producers looking for the next big market for distillers grains may want to seriously consider aquaculture feed. “For a variety of reasons, we’re just at beginning phases of seeing the potential for a significant
June 04, 2014 Read Full Article
US Fleet Conversion Turns Navy to Biofuels
by Brendan Nicholson (The Australian) Australia's defence ties to the US have taken on a green hue, with the Royal Australian Navy planning to make all its ships and aircraft biofuel-capable within six years. READ MORE
May 27, 2014 Read Full Article
Mallee Biofuels May Fuel Perth Engines
(Biofuels International) By 2030, young mallee trees could create an aviation grade bio kerosene Airline operations from Perth could see its flights fuelled up to 100% with the aviation grade bio kerosene, according to a report by the Future Farm Industries
May 22, 2014 Read Full Article
Joyce Admits Budget Will Be Tough for Rural Australia
(ABC Rural) ... The ethanol and biodiesel industries face grant cuts worth millions of dollars. The Ethanol Production Grants program will be scrapped from July 2015, saving the government $120 million. The Dalby Biorefinery, in Queensland, is Australia's only grain biofuel producer. Agforce grains
May 15, 2014 Read Full Article
Chinese Trial Alcohol Crop in the Kimberley
by Tyne McConnon (ABC Rural) In WA's Ord Valley sweet sorghum is being trialled by the Chinese company developing Ord stage 2, Kimberley Agricultural Investment. The trial, covering less than a hectare, is being run by the local Department of Agriculture and
May 05, 2014 Read Full Article
Agave Trial Crops Could Be Expanded in the Burdekin
by Andy Toulson (ABC Rural) A strange spiky new crop might start popping up around north Queensland soon, if current trials in the Burdekin continue to amaze researchers. Several hectares of the exotic plant agave were planted at Kalamia Sugar Mill in Ayr
May 05, 2014 Read Full Article
Mandate on Ethanol Fuel Costs Drivers Dearly: Study
(Drive.com.au) NSW'S E10 unleaded fuel mandate is a ''debacle'' and is costing the state's motorists millions, according to an international study. The Texas Tech University research found motorists had a ''significant aversion'' to the ethanol blended product. With the push
April 29, 2014 Read Full Article
Aurora Algae Expands Operations In South Texas
(Algae Industry Magazine) Following six months of testing and evaluation, Aurora Algae has confirmed the potential for commercial-scale algae cultivation in South Texas, and is expanding its test facility, beginning with four, one-acre cultivation ponds and a harvesting system. “We have
April 25, 2014 Read Full Article
First Functional 'Designer' Chromosome in Yeast Is Synthesized
(NYU Langone Medical Center/Biomass Magazine) An international team of scientists led by Jef Boeke, director of NYU Langone Medical Center’s Institute for Systems Genetics, has synthesized the first functional chromosome in yeast, an important step in the emerging field of synthetic biology,
April 04, 2014 Read Full Article
Carbon Market Lessons and Global Policy Outlook
by Richard G. Newell, William A. Pizer, Daniel Raimi (Science Magazine) Prices in the European Union's (EU) Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS) spent 2013 at historic lows. Elected officials have promised to repeal the Australian carbon market. Yet five new regional carbon
March 21, 2014 Read Full Article
FGVB Delivers First 48 MT PME To Kuantan Fuel Terminal
(Bernama) Felda Global Ventures Biotechnologies Sdn Bhd (FGVB) has delivered its first 48 metric tonnes (MT) of palm methyl ester (PME) under the B5 programme to a client at the Kuantan Fuel Terminal. In a statement, the Felda Global Ventures Holdings
March 14, 2014 Read Full Article
East Pilbara Hay and Sorghum Trial Progressing
by Lucie Bell (ABC) In Western Australia's East Pilbara a project to drought-proof the region is in its early stages. Warrawagine Station is preparing to grow hay for stock fodder and sorghum to be used as bio-fuel at the nearby
March 11, 2014 Read Full Article
Mackay Could Be Port of Call to Refuel Australian and US Navy
by Kim Waters (Daily Mercury) MACKAY has been flagged as a potential location to supply the Australian and US Navy with biofuel. Department of State Development, Infrastructure and Planning's Lindsay Pears said if an investor jumped on board a project to
March 05, 2014 Read Full Article
The 10 Hottest Trends in Algae
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Algae has been touted as the ultimate platform for fuels, chemicals, nutraceuticals, proteins — even cancer therapies. There’s been a rate of progress that would impress any devotee of Moore’s Law — and a series of
March 04, 2014 Read Full Article
Leaf Energy Announces Preliminary Results of Pilot-Scale Trial
by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine) Australia-based Leaf Energy Ltd. recently announced it has received a preliminary report from Andritz AG outlining the results of a pilot-scale trial of Leaf Energy’s Glycell Process, a glycerol pretreatment process, at the Andritz
February 11, 2014 Read Full Article
E10 Consumers Missing out on Full Subsidy Discount, Ethanol Report Finds
by Jane Norman (ABC) A report into the $100m a year ethanol subsidy program says a large part of the excise benefit is not being passed on to consumers via the E10 discount. The Ethanol Production Grants program was introduced
February 11, 2014 Read Full Article
Biofuels Mandates Around the World: 2014
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Florida, the Digest today releases its annual review of biofuels mandates and targets around the world, looking at the state of biofuels mandates in 62 countries. The bulk of mandates continue to come from the
January 02, 2014 Read Full Article
Cellulose Fibre Chain Initiative Creating a Long-Term Future for SA’s Forestry Industry
(South Australia Department of Manufacturing, Innovation, Trade, Resources and Energy) Developing higher-value forestry products is the key to creating a sustainable future for the forestry industry. A new study into developing more sustainable and higher-value products from the Limestone Coast’s forestry
December 30, 2013 Read Full Article
Algae.Tec Growth System Validated, Enters Nutraceutical Market
(Algae.Tec/Biodiesel Magazine) Algae.Tec Ltd. announced receipt of a validation report from Sydney Environmental and Soil Laboratory Pty Ltd., a National Association of Testing Authorities approved company. Algae.Tec Chairman Roger Stroud is extremely pleased with the results of the validation that confirms
December 18, 2013 Read Full Article
Agriculture, Navy Secretaries Promote U.S. Military Energy Independence with 'Farm-to-Fleet'
(US Department of Agriculture) Program blends homegrown biofuels with conventional fuels, propelling ships, jets and jobs Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack and Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus today announced the U.S. Departments of Agriculture (USDA) and Navy's joint "Farm-to-Fleet" venture will
December 11, 2013 Read Full Article
Whatever Happened to Aviation Biofuels? New Report from Australia Rates the Prospects.
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Qantas, Shell, AISAF, SkyNRG, Solena and others collaborate on on an illuminating supply chain analysis of sustainable aviation fuels. Which one is technically ready, but feedstock-starved? Which one has affordable feedstock but the technology
December 04, 2013 Read Full Article
Indigenous Group Gets Help to Expand Biodiesel Scheme
(ABC Online Indigenous) A Pilbara Aboriginal group has been granted Western Australian Government funding to expand its biodiesel program. The Ashburton Aboriginal Corporation program, AshOil, processes used cooking oil from the Pilbara mining industry to produce about 15,000 litres of biodiesel
November 06, 2013 Read Full Article
Algae to Biofuel Technology Deal for Planned Australia Waste to Energy Plants
by Ben Messenger (Waste Management World) Australian algae based biofuel specialist, Algae.Tec (ASX: AEB, OTCQX: ALGXY) has signed a binding agreement with Victoria, Australia based waste to energy developer, Phoenix Energy Australia to provide its proprietary algae to biofuels technology
November 05, 2013 Read Full Article
CQ Biofuel to Fly
Inga Stunzer (Queensland County Life) Instead of spending money on controlling regrowth, Central Queensland graziers could soon be profiting if a new biofuel project goes ahead. The CSIRO is looking at ways to produce aviation fuel from biomass (vegetation), and regrowth
November 01, 2013 Read Full Article
Biodiversity Risks from Fossil Fuel Extraction
N. Butt, H. L. Beyer, J. R. Bennett, D. Biggs, R. Maggini, M. Mills, A. R. Renwick, L. M. Seabrook, H. P. Possingham (Science Magazine) Despite a global political commitment to reduce biodiversity loss by 2010 through the 2002 Convention
October 29, 2013 Read Full Article
Woolworths Limited : Try Before You Buy: Free E10 Fuel Offered to Newcastle Motorists
(4-Traders.com) Motorists in Newcastle and Lake Macquarie can get free E10 fuel for one hour today (October 21, 2013) at Woolworths Petrol in Belmont. The free fuel hour will kick off on at 9.30am at Woolworths Petrol, 397 Pacific Highway, Belmont. Garry
October 22, 2013 Read Full Article
Lemons Fly as Jet Fuel of the Future
(University of Queensland) A University of Queensland researcher hopes to use a chemical found in lemons and other citrus fruits to make clean, renewable jet fuel. Dr Claudia Vickers is modifying baker's yeast to produce a synthetic form of the natural
October 18, 2013 Read Full Article
Enhancing Photopigment Formation to Boost Biofuel Production
by Jessica Brand (Royal Society of Chemistry) Scientists in Australia have developed a nanoparticle light filter system that only lets through wavelengths favourable for microalgae growth. The system could make producing algal biofuels more efficient. Photosynthetic systems, particularly microalgae, are at the
October 18, 2013 Read Full Article
Jyväskylä Bioenergy 2013 Conference - A look into the Bioenergy Situation Present and Future
By Aino Siirala* (Advanced Biofuels USA) The Bioenergy 2013 exhibition & conference, in Jyväskylä, Finland, was a two-day event organized annually by Benet Ltd., The Bioenergy Association of Finland and Jyväskylän Messut Ltd. The conference included presentations by business consultants
September 26, 2013 Read Full Article
Report: Bioenergy Deployment Consortium Fall Symposium
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Canada, the Biofuels Development Consortium held their 2013 Fall Symposium a little early this year in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada on August 27–28, its first meeting outside the U.S. Sarnia is known for their petroleum industry
September 23, 2013 Read Full Article
Product May Clean up Mine Tailings
by Julie Hare (The Australian) Researchers from James Cook University are close to producing a low-cost biofuel extracted from seaweed that will be powerful enough to fly jet aircraft. That same seaweed may also have helped to clean up tailings at a
September 18, 2013 Read Full Article
Court Green Lights Changes to Proposed Ethanol Plant
by Allyson Horn (ABC) The Planning and Environment Court has accepted changes made to a proposal to build an ethanol processing plant in north Queensland. Austcane is planning to process one million tonnes of sugarcane each year to produce the ethanol.
August 28, 2013 Read Full Article
Famers Left in the Lurch over Mallee Tree Plantations
by Kathryn Diss (ABC) "I was led to believe that after about five years when these mallee trees matured, that we would be able to move forward with this and there would be a facility in place for us to be
August 28, 2013 Read Full Article
Aussie Algae Fuel Green Oil Hope
(University of Queensland) Newly trialled native algae species provide real hope for the development of commercially viable fuels from algae, a University of Queensland scientist has found. Dr Evan Stephens and the team at UQ’s Institute for Molecular Bioscience, in collaboration
August 20, 2013 Read Full Article
Aurora Algae to Evaluate Potential of Mid West Australia for Commercial Microalgae Production
(BusinessWire/Aurora Algae) In collaboration with Durack Institute of Technology, Aurora Algae has completed construction of a new algae cultivation test site in Geraldton, Western Australia, to evaluate the potential of the Mid West region for the production of microalgae. Aurora Algae
August 19, 2013 Read Full Article
Biodiesel Feasibility Study to Plan for Future
by Julie Atkins (The Hepburn Advocat) The Hepburn Shire Council has received a grant of $60,000 to undertake a feasibility study on the conversion of heavy fleet vehicles to biodiesel as the region’s fuel source. ... Through the Central Highlands Regional Procurement Excellence
August 15, 2013 Read Full Article
Ethanol Production Part of Australian Political Push
(Biofuels International) A political party in Australia considers ethanol production as the key to reinvigorating a region in Queensland. Ray Sawyer, federal election candidate of the Katter Australia Party, reveals he has feedback from locals in Nambour that directly links problems
August 13, 2013 Read Full Article
7 Hot Energy Crops for Advanced Biofuels: What’s Happening?
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Miscanthus, sorghum, switchgrass, jatropha, camelina, carinata, and arundo. Who’s doing what to bring these crops to scale — and who are the potential big winners? ... Just when you start feeling great about bagasse or stover, you
August 08, 2013 Read Full Article
Green Water: Can the U.S. Navy Win the Eco-Arms Race?
by Ray Mabus (Foreign Policy) With domestic oil production up, imports declining, and new oil and gas reserves being discovered, some question whether energy remains, or ever was, a security challenge and military vulnerability for the United States. The rise
August 07, 2013 Read Full Article
Algae Illustrated–ABO’s New Industry Project Book
(Algae Biomass Organization) The algae industry is moving faster than many people suspect. To help demonstrate how far along so many of ABO’s members are we recently created the Algae Industry Project Book, an illustrated guide of some of the most
August 02, 2013 Read Full Article
Native Algae Biofuel Could Make Australia Oil Rich
(Sydney Morning Herald) Australia could become a major oil exporter like the Middle East if it starts farming native algae, researchers say. University of Queensland experts say Australian algae species hold great promise in the race for cheap, efficient biofuels that
July 24, 2013 Read Full Article
Fast Swimmers: 10 Algae Technologies, Where Are They in the Race for the Summit?
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ... The Summer of Algae has passed, but dozens of companies have remained hot in pursuit of a solution for fuels, feed, nutraceuticals, fragrances, flavorings and tailored renewable oils. Their technologies? Closed systems, open-systems, hybrid systems. Hosts
July 23, 2013 Read Full Article
Report: ILUC Penalties under the RED Will Harm Developing Nations
by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine) A new report published by World Growth argues that the E.U.’s proposal regarding indirect land use change (ILUC) carbon emissions under the Renewable Energy Directive represents a futile effort to curb productive land use
July 15, 2013 Read Full Article
PTT Plans to Commercialise Algae-Based Fuel by 2017
by Watchiranont Thongtep (The Nation Thailand) To reduce fossil-fuel consumption, PTT has set its sights on introducing algae-based energy by 2017 and it is keen on setting up production facilities in Australia in the near future, according to the head
July 08, 2013 Read Full Article
Power Plant's Waste to Become Fuel
(Yahoo!7Finance) Greenhouse gas emissions from one of Australia's largest coal fired power stations will be used to produce biofuels as its owner attempts to reduce its carbon bill. Biofuel company Algae.Tec has signed a deal to establish a carbon capture and biofuels
July 02, 2013 Read Full Article
Australian PM Falls in Leadership Tilt; Climate Change Minister, Treasurer Also Resign
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Australia, Climate Change Minister Greg Combet has resigned, following the defeat of Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard in a leadership ballot for the Federal Labor Party. ... Labor MPs had grown unhappy with the Labor
June 27, 2013 Read Full Article
Cost of Biofuels No Longer Sky High
by Peter Hannam (The Age) Whether it's the use of organisms first found in the guts of rabbits in New Zealand or converting the mountains of rubbish disposed of by Londoners, airlines around the world are hunting for ways to power
May 23, 2013 Read Full Article
New Plant Protein Discoveries Could Ease Global Food and Fuel Demands
by Kim McDonald (University of California at San Diego) New discoveries of the way plants transport important substances across their biological membranes to resist toxic metals and pests, increase salt and drought tolerance, control water loss and store sugar can have
May 06, 2013 Read Full Article
Brisbane Picked for Green Fuel Study
by Steve Creedy (The Australian) Brisbane Airport has been earmarked as the site of Australia's first sustainable aviation fuel "bio-port". Virgin Australia, Brisbane Airport Corporation and sustainable fuel company SkyNRG today announced a feasibility study that will look at using locally
April 30, 2013 Read Full Article
Algal Biofuels Pilot Plant Opens in Queensland
(Algae Industry Magazine) Premier of Queensland, Australia, Campbell Newman, has cut the ribbon on an advanced solar biofuels pilot plant designed to develop microalgae-based systems as a source of clean fuel and animal feeds. The $3.5 million project had the potential,
April 11, 2013 Read Full Article
James Cook University Commercializing Algae Research
(Algae Industry Magazine) Tony Raggatt writes in townsvillebulletin.com that James Cook University, a leading algal research facility located in Townsville, Queensland, Australia, has started to commercialize its research by selling their algae as a feedstock for baby prawns. ...Melbourne-based MBD began
April 08, 2013 Read Full Article
Oxygen for High Altitudes: 17 Biofuels Ventures Raise $434M in Equity
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Despite the sluggish economic recovery and questions over policy stability — biofuels ventures have been busy raising lots of capital. In the past 6 months, $434 million. Who got what, where, when and why? ...supplemental oxygen,
April 08, 2013 Read Full Article
Algae.Tec Using Shipping Containers to Grow Algae
by John Davis (DomesticFuel.com) ...And some, such as the folks at Algae.Tec, are looking to green shipping containers to grow a literal green feedstock. “What we wanted was a significant bulk outcome, in other words fuels and possibly food, producing the algae
March 27, 2013 Read Full Article
International Regulation of Microorganisms for Biofuel or Chemical Production: Europe, Asia and Australia
by David Glass (DGlassAssociates.com) In two blog entries in 2010, I described the possible regulatory regimes that might affect the use of genetically modified microorganisms or plants in the production of biofuels or bio-based chemicals, focusing on Canada and Europe. In a post last
March 26, 2013 Read Full Article
Lignol Announces Investment and Technology Collaboration with Territory Biofuels Limited
(Lignol) Lignol Energy Corporation (TSXV: LEC) ("LEC" or "the Company"), a leading technology company in the advanced biofuels and renewable chemicals sector, today announced that it has subscribed for convertible notes with a principal value of A$1.18 million ("Notes") issued by Territory
March 18, 2013 Read Full Article
Camelina on the Move: Global Clean Energy Holdings Acquires Sustainable Oils
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In California, Global Clean Energy Holdings announced that it has acquired Sustainable Oils, a leader in Camelina genetics and production. The acquisition includes 100% ownership interest of Sustainable Oils and the ownership of the key intellectual
March 15, 2013 Read Full Article
Australian Biofuels Project Another Step Closer
(Biofuels International) Australian research company Agritechnology has found a location as it further develops a biofuels demonstration plant. A site for the plant has been chosen in Orange, New South Wales and it will aim to convert sweet sorghum, native grasses
March 07, 2013 Read Full Article
Bali Biofuel Plant Will Save Lives
(This Is Gloucestershire) Green Fuels of Stonehouse has installed the first ever biodiesel plant on Bali. The move is helping the Indonesian island to avert a growing environmental and health crisis. The FuelMatic GSX 3 plant can convert up to 3,000
March 06, 2013 Read Full Article
Beta Renewables Sees 2015 as Boom Year for Cellulosic Biofuels
by Nina Chestney (Reuters) * U.S. cellulosic biofuel goals not reached * Beta sees industry stepping up output by 2015 * New players could emerge from eastern Europe Biofuels made from wood waste and sugarcane have languished well below expectations for years but
March 05, 2013 Read Full Article
Inside the Military's Clean-Energy Revolution
by Julia Whitty (The Atlantic/Mother Jones) ...To get to the Nimitz, 100 miles off Honolulu, our turboprop is flying a 50-50 blend of biofuel and standard JP-5 shipboard aviation fuel. The biofuel is made from algae plus waste cooking oil. This
February 28, 2013 Read Full Article
Echuca Plant Will Provide Biofuel for Melbourne
by Warwick Long (ABC Rural) A Melbourne businessman has bought a 4,500 hectare property to produce biofuels for his revegetation and timber recycling companies in the city. Peter O'Donnell bought Madowla Park, east of Echuca in northern Victoria, and built a
February 28, 2013 Read Full Article
Flying the Aussie BioSkies
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ... In the world of biofuels there is no sector as active as military and aviation biofuels in terms of willing customers. At the Low Carbon Fuel Conference, held over two days in conjunction with
February 27, 2013 Read Full Article
Australia to Build $10m Seawater Pipeline for Algae Industry
(Algae Industry Magazine) Australia’s State Development Minister Colin Barnett has announced a $10 million government sponsored project for construction of a seawater pipeline to support the expansion of an algae industry at Karratha, in Western Australia. The pipeline would initially
February 26, 2013 Read Full Article
Australia at the Crossroads – Import or Export Aviation Biofuels?
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) As journalists, at the Digest our job is to ask the 7 Questions. Who, What, Where, When, How Much, How and Why. In aviation biofuels the task is made easier because we can say with
February 26, 2013 Read Full Article
Aviation Biofuels on the Up and Up
by Peter Hannam (Sidney Morning Herald) Lufthansa probably thought it was on a public relations winner when it began operating flights using a mix of biofuel and regular jet fuel between Frankfurt and Hamburg in 2011. However, the ''green skies'' branding potential
February 25, 2013 Read Full Article
Licella’s Fibre Fuels – Drop-In Biofuels, in Pictures
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) What is fibre fuel, how does it displace petroleum via supercritical technology, and what does the plant look like? ... For those less familiar with New Zealand’s energy brands, Z Energy (“pronounced “Zed”) is the company
February 25, 2013 Read Full Article
Great Big Things from Tiny Lil’ Algae: 10 Algae Trends for 2013
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) 22 projects around the world show the multi-faceted promise of algae. Concrete, polyurethane, bioplastics, cosmetics and, oh, fuels — so many big things to make from algae, it’s become a big deal. ...While fuels remain the
February 21, 2013 Read Full Article
More Fuel for Pilbara Biodiesel Company
by Stephen Stockwell (ABC Rural) Mine camp catering company, ESS, will now send all the used cooking oil from its Western Australian kitchens to be turned into biodiesel. AshOil, a subsidiary of the Ashburton Aboriginal Corporation, makes biofuel from the used
February 14, 2013 Read Full Article
Neste Oil Ups Algae Research for Biodiesel
(Algae Industry Magazine) Neste Oil, ranked the world’s fourth most sustainable company on The Global 100 list at the World Economic Forum in Davos, has been investigating the suitability of algae for its renewable fuels production for some years; its
February 02, 2013 Read Full Article
Algae.Tec Gets Green Light for $12.15 million from Australian Government
(Algae.Tec/PR NewsWire) Algae.Tec today announced approval from the Australian Government for an AU$12.15 million cash refund on Australian and overseas development expenditure for the financial year 30 June 2012 to 30 June 2015. The terms of the payment allow for an
January 14, 2013 Read Full Article
ENEnergy Gets Ethanol, Butanol Project Support from Australian Government
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Australia, ENEnergy Australia (ENA) announced approval has been received from the Australian Government for its first project in Northern Australia under the R&D tax incentive scheme. The project approval covers the development of a
January 11, 2013 Read Full Article
Biofuel - The New Wizard of Aus?
(Visual.ly) The race to produce a sustainable, scalable form of biofuel has become ‘wacky’ – literally. There are articles printed daily heralding the latest method of producing fuel, be it converting whiskey waste, recycling cooking oil or scooping algae from
January 07, 2013 Read Full Article
Termites May Hold Biofuel Potential
by Michelle Wheeler (The West Australian/Yahoo!) New bacteria found in the gut of a WA termite could be used to develop biofuels, according to research by a University of WA honours student. Ghislaine Small, from the ARC Centre of Excellence
December 27, 2012 Read Full Article
Australia : Coalition Supports International Biodiesel Plant in Dandenong
(Equities.com) Innovation, Services and Small Business Minister Louise Asher today officially launched, in conjunction with McDonald s Australia, Neutral Fuels new biodiesel processing facility in Dandenong. Neutral Fuels has secured McDonald s as a major customer able to use converted waste
December 09, 2012 Read Full Article
Novel Pretreatment for Cellulosic Bio-Ethanol Production “Glycerol Bio-Refinery Process”
(Leaf Energy) The patent application titled “Methods for Converting Lignocellulosic Material to Useful Products” (“Glycerol Bio-refinery process”) describes the process developed at the Queensland University of Technology (QUT) by Zhanging Zhang, Ian O’Hara and William Doherty. The production of biofuels from
December 06, 2012 Read Full Article
US Company in Refinery Search
by Peter Hemphill (Grain & Hay WeeklyTimes) An American biofuels company is looking to build a refinery in Australia to produce ethanol from wheat straw and other residues. ...Investors in the biorefineries include Australia's Macquarie Bank and Japanese commodity trader Itochu Corporation. ZeaChem
November 29, 2012 Read Full Article
Biodiesel Facility Launched at Parramatta Terminal
(Shell Australia) Shell Australia today (11/21/12) opened a new biodiesel facility at its Parramatta Terminal in western Sydney – responding to customer demand to reduce diesel excise liabilities and reduce the environmental impacts of fossil fuel use. The new facility will
November 28, 2012 Read Full Article
Illawarra Rescue Package Will Help Fund Biodiesel Plant
(ABC Rural) The Illawarra, south of Sydney, has received another rescue package from Federal and State Governments to help it rebuild after major job losses in the steel industry. ..."What we're able to do as a result of facilities like this
November 17, 2012 Read Full Article
Aussie Brothers Make Biofuel Breakthrough
by Nick Perry (The Australian) A Technology breakthrough by two Australian brothers could offer a solution to the world's insatiable appetite for food and fuel. Phillip and Geoff Bell have developed a new way to produce ethanol from waste products such
November 01, 2012 Read Full Article
Climatic Conditions Make Abu Dhabi Ideal for Commercial Production of Biofuels from Algae
(United Arab Emirates/AMEInfo.com) Abu Dhabi's abundant sunshine and climate make it a near-ideal location for growing algae for commercial production of biofuels. Such unique geographic and climatic conditions further enhance the opportunity for the Emirate to become a leading developer
November 01, 2012 Read Full Article
Aurora Algae’s Matt Caspari On Growing Algae in Australia
(Algae Industry Magazine) Recently Aurora Algae announced the successful completion of requirements for a two million dollar (AUD) Low Emissions Energy Development (LEED) grant, which has been used to advance the Company’s algae-based biomass production at its demonstration facility in Karratha, Western
October 30, 2012 Read Full Article
ZeaChem Completes Construction of Cellulosic Ethanol Biorefinery
(ZeaChem) ZeaChem Inc., developer of highly-efficient biorefineries, today announced that it has completed construction of its 250,000 gallons per year (GPY) cellulosic ethanol biorefinery in Boardman, Oregon. The project was completed on budget and is expected to begin production of
October 30, 2012 Read Full Article
Biodiesel Emissions Shown to Contain Respiratory Disease-Linked Compounds
(Medical Xpress) Compounds that affect respiratory health have been found in biodiesel exhausts. This might lead to restrictions on the use of this form of biofuel as an alternative to fossil fuel, according to researchers from the Queensland University of
October 23, 2012 Read Full Article
Will Algae Ever Power Our Cars?
by Marc Gunther (The Guardian) Scores of companies across the world are racing to unlock algae's energy potential and create a 'green crude oil' Tiny Columbus, New Mexico (population, 1,678) is hot, flat and uncrowded — an ideal place to launch
October 16, 2012 Read Full Article
Raising Money for the New Biofuels: A Digest Special Report
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ...We say that biofuels are “capital-intensive,” mainly to be polite. It’s like saying that Genghis Khan, Alexander the Great or Attila the Hun had “land interests”. ...Put it this way. How much capital would you need to
October 15, 2012 Read Full Article
SWW Energy Provides Promise Converting Waste Water to Biofuel
(Proactive Investors) SWW Energy has delivered initial results from its waste water to biodiesel/biofuel testing which has demonstrated the potential for waste water to be converted to a fuel. Initial observations from the water sample showed usable effluent and that material could
October 12, 2012 Read Full Article
Aurora Algae Secures $2 Million LEED Grant
(Algae Industry Magazine) Aurora Algae has announced the successful completion of requirements for a two million dollar (AUD) Low Emissions Energy Development (LEED) grant, which has been used to advance the Company’s algae-based biomass production at its demonstration facility in Karratha,
September 27, 2012 Read Full Article
Heard it Through the Grapevine: Useful Facts and Scuttlebutt from the Algae Biomass Summit
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Jobs, global expansion, proteins vs fuels, new R&D funding – all the big issues are under debate both on and off the floor at the Algae Biomass Summit. ...Jobs Dr. John Benemann projected on stage that,
September 27, 2012 Read Full Article
Algae.Tec and Lufthansa Sign Collaboration Agreement to Build Biofuel Production Facility in Europe
(Algae.Tec/PR NewsWire) Algae.Tec Limited is pleased to announce that Algae.Tec and Lufthansa have signed a Collaboration Agreement for the construction of a large-scale algae to aviation biofuels production facility. The site will be in Europe adjacent to an industrial CO2 source. Lufthansa will arrange
September 19, 2012 Read Full Article
Australia Defines Best Algae Cultivation Locations
(Algae Industry Magazine) Scientists have identified a number of Western Australia (WA) sites capable of producing large quantities of commercial biofuel from microalgae. They say the best sites for big-scale algal biofuel plants include stretches of land south of Geraldton,
September 13, 2012 Read Full Article
Algae Industry Could Create Pilbara Jobs
(ABC News) The State Government says the development of an algae aquaculture industry in the Pilbara has the potential to create new jobs outside the resources sector. It has released a report explaining how the region could be an ideal base
September 07, 2012 Read Full Article
Australian Initiative for Sustainable Aviation Fuels forms
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Australia, the Australian Initiative for Sustainable Aviation Fuels (AISAF) was inaugurated on 08 August 2012. It has funding for 12 months in the first instance. The Steering Committee held its first meeting on 20
September 04, 2012 Read Full Article
Fly the Bio Skies: 10 Milestones in the Summer of Aviation biofuels
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ...But in many respects, its been a summer about aviation biofuels – starting with the demonstration of the US Navy’s Green Strike Group and continuing to announcements of projects right through the summer. The
August 31, 2012 Read Full Article
Algae.Tec Announces Commissioning of Advanced Algae to Biofuels Facility
(PR NewsWire/Yahoo!Finance) The Algae.Tec advanced engineered algae to biofuels facility Shoalhaven Onewas officially opened today by the New South Wales Minister for Resources and Energy the Honourable Chris Hartcher, MP. A VIP crowd including executives from the University of Wollongong, the Manildra
August 08, 2012 Read Full Article
Multiple Coproducts Needed to Establish Cellulosic Ethanol Industry
by Arthur Kollaras, Paul Koutouridis, Mary Biddy and James D. McMillan (Ethanol Producer Magazine) Feed yeast, green coal contribute to bottom line ...History shows that once an industry is established, significant technological improvements quickly evolve. But in the meantime, how does
July 25, 2012 Read Full Article
The Global Energy Market Welcomes US
by Mike Bryan (Ethanol Producer Magazine) ...To sum it up: it’s a big world and a world that is growing increasingly hungry for clean, domestically produced energy. The opportunities abound for those who can think outside the borders of the
July 25, 2012 Read Full Article
Microalgae ‘Bulging with Biofuel Potential’
(Stock Journal) MISA researchers from SARDI have isolated and evaluated a ‘super strain’ of a native microalgae species that could form the basis of a local biofuels industry. This breakthrough in biodiscovery comes after six years of ‘bioprospecting’ across thousands of
July 20, 2012 Read Full Article
Australian Navy Goes Green with New US Biofuel Deal
by Brendan Nicholson (The Australian) THE Royal Australian Navy has taken a major step towards "greening" its warships and aircraft with a new agreement that will give it access to technology being developed in the US to enable the massive
July 20, 2012 Read Full Article
Algae.Tec Plans Opening Ceremony for Shoalhaven One Facility
by Ron Kotrba (Biodiesel Magazine) Algae.Tec Ltd. is holding a VIP official commissioning of its Shoalhaven One showcase algae production facility in Bomaderry, New South Wales, Australia, on Aug. 2. Shoalhaven One is a series of enclosed algae photobioreactors (PBRs) co-located
July 18, 2012 Read Full Article
New Algae Strain Could Boost Australian Biofuels Production
(Biofuels International) A new strain of microalgae species, which could benefit the biofuels industry, has been evaluated by researchers at the South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI). The breakthrough comes six years after bioprospecting across several thousand kilometres of South
July 17, 2012 Read Full Article
Drivers Go Bowsering in Bio-Fuel Free-for-All
Nathan Klein and Samantha Malagre (The Daily Telegraph) If there has been a reluctance to fill up with E10 petrol it certainly wasn't on show yesterday - when it was free. Motorists were stuck in kilometre-long queues of bumper-to-bumper traffic on
July 05, 2012 Read Full Article
The Global Energy Market Welcomes US
by Mike Bryan (Ethanol Producer Magazine) ...The economy of Australia is one of the best in the world, but the focus has not been on renewable energy. Interestingly, with all of the mineral resources that Australia has, it is very
June 13, 2012 Read Full Article
Aviation Biofuels: Which Airlines Are Doing What, with Whom?
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ...(M)ore than 30 airlines now trialing, deploying biofuels – but who’s doing what, exactly? In Brazil, Azul Airlines announced that Amyris’s innovative renewable jet fuel sourced from Brazilian sugarcane has passed all required testing and will be used during
June 05, 2012 Read Full Article
Australia Renewable Energy Fund Set to Invest in Solar, Biofuels
Australia’s A$200 million ($196 million) renewable energy venture capital fund is set to unveil its first two investments in the solar and biofuels industries by the end of September. Southern Cross Venture Partners, named manager of the fund by the Australian
June 04, 2012 Read Full Article
Mallee Harvester Reaches Milestones
(Stock Journal) The prototype mallee harvester developed by Biosystems Engineering and Future Farm Industries Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) has exceeded expectations in the final stages of its development. During trials near Casino in New South Wales, trees were harvested at a
May 29, 2012 Read Full Article
Waste Lines: The Hottest Trends with Bio’s Coolest Feedstock
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ... Regardless of its naming deficiencies, waste has been hot and getting hotter as a bioenergy feedstock because it solves three of the most pressing problems blocking capacity expansion. 1. The feedstocks are available at fixed, affordable
May 29, 2012 Read Full Article
Virgin Uses Biodiesel at Brisbane Airport
(Yahoo! Finance) Virgin Australia says it has started trialling the use of biodiesel to power some ground vehicles at Brisbane Airport. The fuel for the eight-week trial will contain 80 per centconventional diesel and 20 per cent biodiesel made from Queensland-sourced tallow and used cooking
May 24, 2012 Read Full Article
Ethanol Benefits Thrown into Doubt
by Sean Nicholls (Sydney Morning Herald/New South Wales) THE value of the NSW ethanol mandate has been questioned by the NSW Treasury in documents that describe it of questionable benefit to motorists and a policy that mainly serves to prop
May 24, 2012 Read Full Article
Whatever Happened to Algae and Biofuels?
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ...A couple of voices expressed caution, prominent among them, algae’s Doctor No, John Benemann of Benemann Associates, who wanted at the time, “if algae looks good [for fuel], we’re all in trouble.” LiveFuels CEO Lissa
April 23, 2012 Read Full Article
Australia's Qantas Makes First Commercial Biofuel Flight
(AFP) Australia's Qantas Friday launched the nation's first commercial flight using a mixture of refined cooking oil, saying it would not survive if it relied solely on traditional jet fuel. The Airbus A330 left Sydney for Adelaide using a 50-50 blend
April 13, 2012 Read Full Article
Qantas to Charter Australia's First Commercial Flight Powered by Cooking Oil
(CNNGo) First biofuel flight will take off on April 13 from Sydney ...Qantas is the latest airline to launch a flight powered by cooking oil. Tickets are currently on sale for Australia’s first commercial biofuel flight, which is slated for April 13
March 29, 2012 Read Full Article
Qantas Puts Cooking Oil on the Menu with Test Flight
by Steve Creedy (The Australian) QANTAS hopes to boost government interest and involvement in aviation biofuels when the airline conducts Australia's first biofuel-powered commercial flight next month, using fuel derived from cooking oil. The return flight will take place on an Airbus
March 26, 2012 Read Full Article
Queensland’s Election Landslide: a Message for State, Country or the World?
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ...Two reasons why Queensland’s election stands out. First, the election was also notable for the electoral debut of the rural, populist Katter’s Australian Party, which was formed last year – socially conservative, pro-growth, protectionist,
March 26, 2012 Read Full Article
Plugging into Algal Power
by Peter Spinks (Sydney Morning Herald) ...And now, to help ameliorate the ravages of global warming, algae are being used to produce biofuels for vehicles and aviation fuels to power tomorrow's airliners. Algae, the world's fastest-growing photosynthetic organisms, accumulate up
March 13, 2012 Read Full Article
Support for Advanced Biofuels
(Australia Department of Energy, Resources and Tourism) The Australian Government committed $20 million to a new Australian Biofuels Research Institute to undertake research into next generation advanced biofuels in Australia. On 10 May 2011, the Minister for Resources and Energy, the Hon Martin Ferguson
February 24, 2012 Read Full Article
Ethanol Vital If Refineries Shut- Katter
(Big Pond News) Australia will need a vibrant bio-fuel industry more than ever if Caltex decides to close its refineries, independent MP Bob Katter says. Caltex Australia has flagged shutting its two domestic refineries in Sydney and Brisbane, putting 800 jobs
February 22, 2012 Read Full Article
NCSI Certifies Shoalhaven Starches against Global Sustainable Biofuels Benchmark
(NCS International) NCS International (“NCSI”) has certified the world’s first organisation against the Principles and Criteria of the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels (“RSB”). RSB is a new international standard that can be applied across the entire biofuel supply chain, from
February 13, 2012 Read Full Article
First Certification Against RSB Global Sustainability Standard Achieved By the Manildra Group
(Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels) The Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels (RSB) today announced the first completed commercial certification of the Manildra Group of Australia. The certification was conducted by NCS International, an RSB-accredited certification agency. The Manildra Group, through its subsidiary Shoalhaven
February 11, 2012 Read Full Article
US Navy Taps into Queensland University of Technology Biofuel Capabilities
(Queensland University of Technology) Biofuel technology being developed by Queensland University of Technology (QUT) researchers has caught the interest of the US Navy, which is currently in Australia on an alternative fuel fact-finding mission. The US Navy intends to have a
February 08, 2012 Read Full Article
Inaugural Sustainable Maritime Fuels Forum Draws US, Australian Biofuels Leadership
by Jim Lane/Dr. Susan Pond (Biofuels Digest/Dow Sustainability Program at the University of Sydney’s United States Studies Centre) In Australia, the inaugural Sustainable Maritime Fuels Forum was held this week as part of the Pacific 2012 International Maritime Exposition in
February 06, 2012 Read Full Article
Fears for Jobs as Ethanol Producer Stops Work on Plant
by Sean Nicholls (Sydney Morning Herald) THE NSW ethanol mandate will be ''appropriately enforced'', the Premier, Barry O'Farrell, has assured Australia's biggest ethanol producer, Manildra, after the company reacted to his decision to dump a ban on regular unleaded fuel
February 03, 2012 Read Full Article
US Forces Give the Nod to Biofuels
Michael Richardson (Canberra Times) Don't laugh! The United States military is dead serious about being able to fly its combat and cargo planes on jet fuel derived from algae and plants, and to power many of its warships on biodiesel
February 01, 2012 Read Full Article
Australian Tree Offers Texas Growers Biofuel Alternative
by Logan Hawkes (Southwest Farm Press) Biodiesel is experiencing a historic surge worldwide. Pongamiapinnata is becoming a popular oilseed choice for biofuel production and has captured the attention of U.S. growers. Pongamia is one of the few nitrogen-fixing trees producing seeds containing 30 to
January 30, 2012 Read Full Article
Return of the Pyromaniax
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ...You just can’t turn your back for very long, around the Pyromaniax – the researchers around the world working on pyrolysis. Now, pyro comes in several flavors – fast pyrolysis, flash pyrolysis, catalytic fast pyrolysis
January 26, 2012 Read Full Article
And Now, a Word from Davos: “Moving towards a Next-Generation Ethanol Economy”.
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Bloomberg New Energy Finance launched its report “Moving towards a next-generation ethanol economy”. Commissioned by Novozymes, the report estimates the socioeconomic prospects of deploying advanced biofuels in eight of the highest agricultural-producing regions in the world, i.e.