Brazil, Other Nations Agree to Quadruple Sustainable Fuels

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October 16, 2025
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by Andrew Zinin (AFP/Phys.Org) Brazil, India, Italy and Japan vowed Tuesday (October 14, 2025) to quadruple their production and consumption of renewable fuels, hoping other countries will join the pledge during UN climate talks in November.

"We hope to have a good number of signatories" by COP30, Brazilian foreign ministry official Joao Marcos Paes Leme told reporters in the capital Brasilia.

"Other European countries are also interested," he added.

Paes Leme was speaking on the sidelines of a meeting of representatives from 67 countries in the run up to COP30 climate talks in the Amazon city of Belem next month.

The pledge involves quadrupling the production of sustainable fuels such as biofuels, hydrogen and some synthetic fuels by 2035, compared to 2024 levels.

Paes Leme noted that these fuels can be used to replace planet-harming fossil fuels in sectors such as aviation, maritime transport, or the cement and steel industries.

"These are sectors where decarbonization is difficult," because electrical energy has not yet succeeded in replacing fossil fuels.

Sustainable fuels are already used in these industries "but they are not produced in sufficient quantities," he said.

The massive use of coal, oil, and fossil gas for energy since the industrial revolution is the primary driver of human-induced global warming.

The commitment to sustainable fuels "is something we love to hear," said Francesco La Camera, director-general of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).

However, he warned that some biofuels can be harmful due to the vast expanses of land required to produce raw materials such as sugarcane, soy, or corn.

"We have to be serious about what we say, sustainable fuel also means sustainable from the perspective of land use."

For the first time, the world pledged to "transition away" from fossil fuels at COP28 in Dubai in 2023.

However many of the largest fossil-fuel producing nations—including Brazil—are planning to increase production in the coming years.  READ MORE

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Excerpt from The Guardian: A spokesperson from Brazil’s foreign affairs ministry said: “Brazil is not proposing that countries quadruple biofuels. The proponents of the pledge (which include Japan, Italy, India, among others) are calling upon countries to support quadrupling production and use of sustainable fuels — a group of gaseous and liquid fuels that include e-fuels, biogases, biofuels, hydrogen and its derivatives.

“The proposed fourfold increase is a global goal (countries are not expected to individually quadruple production). It is based on an IEA report released this week that said this production increase is both feasible and necessary to reduce emissions, particularly from hard-to-abate sectors. The IEA report is a sound, scientific document underpinning the proposed Belém 4x pledge. The word ‘sustainable’ is not used lightly, neither in the report nor in the pledge.

“For a fuel to be sustainable, it must have low-GHG intensity over its lifecycle, measured in grams of CO2 equivalent by megajoule of fuel (gCO2;MJ). It also needs to comply with a set of non-GHG criteria, such as biodiversity conservation, sustainable water management and compliance with social safeguards. These concerns are taken seriously and have been integrated into the design of the declaration itself.”  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from International Energy Agency: The International Energy Agency (IEA) has published a new report “Delivering Sustainable Fuels” as a follow up of its 2024 report “Towards Common Criteria for Sustainable Fuels”.

The deployment of sustainable fuels  – liquid biofuels, biogases, renewable hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels – is complementary to the electrification and energy efficiency in energy transition in various sectors, like transport and industry. If current and proposed national and international policy would be fully implemented their deployment could double by 2030 and even quadruple by 2035, compared to 2024 levels.

To achieve this IEA call for a shared global vision for sustainable fuels, to bridge cost gaps, boost innovation to expand protection potential, develop carbon accounting methodologies and freeing up long-term investments and access to finance, and to bring on board developments in emerging and developing economies.

Based on this report and as part of the run up to the COP30 to be held in Brazil from 10 to 21 November 2025, Brazil, joined by India, Italy and Japan, has just announced a pledge to quadruple the deployment of sustainable biofuels by 2035.

Read the press release on the Brazilian Foreign Ministry website (Portuguese language)

The “Belém Commitment for Sustainable Fuels,” or “Belém 4x,” was launched on 14 October 2025 during the pre-COP30 meeting in Brasília. The initiative aims to provide high-level political support for the global goal of at least quadrupling the production and use of sustainable fuels by 2035. The text is being negotiated by Brazil with partner countries such as India, Italy, and Japan and will be published in the coming days.

Read the full report: “Delivering Sustainable Fuels”

Quote from the IEA website:

“Sustainable fuels – including liquid biofuels, biogases, low-emissions hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels – offer multiple benefits for the energy sector. They complement electrification and energy efficiency in energy transitions, and are particularly important for sectors that continue to be reliant on fuel-based solutions such as aviation, shipping, and parts of road transport and industry. Sustainable fuels can also enhance energy security, strengthen environmental sustainability and stimulate economic development, particularly in rural areas.

If fully legislated and implemented, current and proposed national and international policies would put the use of sustainable liquid and gaseous fuels on a path to nearly double from 2024 levels by 2030 and quadruple by 2035. Progress must occur on multiple fronts to increase uptake and foster a large and diverse set of sustainable fuel pathways. This calls for a shared global vision for sustainable fuels, along with targeted policies to bridge costs gaps with conventional fuels, innovation to expand production potential, robust and mutually agreed carbon accounting methodologies to ensure that sustainability criteria are met, long-term investment in infrastructure, and more accessible financing, especially in emerging and developing economies.

This report was prepared in support of Brazil’s COP30 Presidency and its Climate Action Agenda. It presents a sectoral analysis of global pathways for accelerating the deployment of sustainable liquid and gaseous fuels to 2035. It also summarises cumulative policy experience to date, identifies key technology and infrastructure requirements for scaling up deployment, and highlights resulting benefits that extend well beyond emissions reductions. Finally, the report outlines priority policy actions for governments seeking to adopt sustainable fuels to achieve measurable emissions reductions, strengthen domestic energy security and foster new opportunities for economic development.”  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Brazil Minstry of Foreign Affairs: he "Belém Commitment for Sustainable Fuels," or "Belém 4x," was launched today (October 14, 2025) during the pre-COP in Brasília. The initiative, to be endorsed at the Climate Summit on November 6 and 7, aims to provide high-level political support for the global goal of at least quadrupling the production and use of sustainable fuels by 2035. The text is co-sponsored by Brazil, Italy, and Japan, with support from India, and is available here .

The goal of quadrupling the production of sustainable fuels is based on a report by the International Energy Agency entitled “Delivering Sustainable Fuels - Pathways to 2035”, published today and available here .

The Belém 4x commitment aims to promote the global adoption of more clean and sustainable energy sources, such as hydrogen and its derivatives, biogases, biofuels and synthetic fuels, which can be substitutes for fossil fuels, as part of the gradual effort to decarbonize energy systems and combat climate change.

 

Excerpt from Renewable Energy Magazine:  Over 100 members of the global scientific community, including representatives from the Union of Concerned Scientists and the World Resources Institute, are calling on global leaders to limit what the scientists say is a dangerous expansion of biofuels.

The scientists signed a letter, ahead of the COP30 climate change negotiations, which open next week in Belém, Brazil, as a response to Brazil seeking high-level support for a leaders’ pledge to quadruple so-called “sustainable fuel” use - including a doubling of biofuels consumption.

The letter says that there is mounting scientific evidence showing that, far from being a climate-friendly solution as many governments claim, on average the energy source is responsible for 16 percent more emissions than the fossil fuels they replace. Estimates indicate that doubling biofuel production would increase net global greenhouse gas emissions by nearly 34 MtCO₂e annually, the equivalent of putting 30 million new diesel cars on the road.

It also warns that such an expansion would have devastating environmental impacts in some of the world’s most biodiverse regions, consume scarce water resources, and contribute to agricultural runoff. Moreover, the scientists also caution that increased biofuels use will exacerbate global hunger by raising food prices, intensifying food price volatility, and diverting calories from human consumption.

Curbing unrestrained biofuels use is not without precedent. In 2020, the EU agreed to cap conventional (first-generation) crop-based biofuels at a 7 percent share of its transport energy, while waste- and residue-based biofuels are limited to 1.7 percent to encourage fuel innovations and reduce land-use impacts.

In biofuel producer nations, like Brazil and Indonesia, local NGOs are calling for a holistic approach to manage negative impacts, including caps on cultivation, better traceability, and investments in community-based governance and decentralised energy.

The scientists claim that Brazil’s biofuels push reflects a dangerous resurgence of biofuels as a global commodity that threatens to repeat the mistake of the “biofuels gold rush” in the mid-2000s that prompted large-scale deforestation, biodiversity loss, and human rights abuses.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Transport & Environment/Business Wire: Global biofuels production emits 16% on average more CO2 than the fossil fuels it replaces, a new Cerulogy report on behalf of T&E shows. With demand set to rise by at least 40% by 2030, T&E calls for global leaders meeting in Brazil for COP30 to agree to limit the expansion of a climate solution that is doing more harm than good.

These higher emissions are largely driven by the indirect impacts of farming and deforestation linked to crop-based biofuels. By 2030, biofuels are projected to emit 70 MtCO₂e more than the fossil fuels they replace, equivalent to the annual emissions of almost 30 million diesel cars.

Today, growing crops to be burned as fuel uses up 32 million hectares of land - roughly the size of Italy - to meet just 4% of global transport energy demand. By 2030, this is set to grow by 60% to 52 million hectares - the size of France.

The same land could feed 1.3 billion people, while using just 3% of that land for solar panels would produce the same amount of energy. As electric vehicles are much more efficient than fossil fuel cars, that 3% of solar energy would be enough to power close to a third of the world’s current car fleet.

Cian Delaney, biofuels campaigner at T&E: “Biofuels are a terrible climate solution and a staggering waste of land, food, and millions in subsidies. Ensuring a sustainable balance between agriculture and nature is essential to tackling the climate crisis, and burning crops for fuel only pushes us further in the wrong direction. Governments around the world must prioritise renewables over crop biofuels.”

The analysis shows that 90% of global biofuel production still relies on food crops. In 2023, the biofuel industry consumed around 150 million tonnes of corn and 120 million tonnes of sugarcane and sugar beet. In total, the equivalent of 100 million bottles of vegetable oil are burned in cars every day, meaning a fifth of all vegetable oil supply is never even used for food. The energy in all these feedstocks could meet the minimum calorific requirements of up to 1.3 billion people.

T&E’s analysis shows that biofuel crops require significant amounts of freshwater. Driving a car 100 km on first generation biofuels would require on average close to 3,000 litres of water, while only twenty litres would be needed to run an electric car on solar electricity. As climate change puts increasing pressure on water supplies, this could be a disaster, warns T&E.

Brazil is one of the fastest growing biofuels producers and is catching up with the US - the world’s biggest biofuels producer. The country recently decided to suspend its soy moratorium, which protects deforestation in the Amazon from soy cultivation. Canada and India are also among those set to massively increase their production. T&E’s analysis is based on existing government policies and strategies; however, demand for biofuels could also see a massive spike for use in shipping and aviation as part of their efforts to find alternatives to fossil fuels.

Jude Lee, APAC Regional Policy and Program Director at T&E: "Japan’s support for Brazil’s call to quadruple biofuel production is concerning. Instead of promoting first-generation fuels like palm and soybean oil, which risk worsening deforestation and climate impacts, Japan should focus on advanced, waste-based biofuels with strict certification standards, similar to the EU’s FuelEU Maritime framework."

T&E calls on governments to better safeguard against biofuels that contribute to land clearance and deforestation when making climate policies. Public funds should prioritise smart electrification, efficiency and truly sustainable alternatives, not false solutions, says the group.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Greenpeace:  As the world converges at COP30 to confront the climate crisis, Greenpeace has condemned Toyota’s misleading promotion of biofuel-powered prototype vehicles as a decarbonisation solution, as it ignores mounting scientific consensus that biofuels are a false climate solution that endangers both people and the planet.[1]

Greenpeace joined with Climate Action Network (CAN)  — representing over 1,900 civil society organisations worldwide — to reject the so-called “Belém 4x Pledge” on biofuels, warning that expanding biofuel production threatens forests, food security, and climate goals — echoing growing scientific consensus that crop-based biofuels are a false solution to the energy and climate crises.[2]

...

Greenpeace East Asia’s research finds that Toyota’s battery electric vehicles produce only one-third of the lifetime use-phase emissions compared to internal combustion models. There is a global consensus that a complete transition to electrification is urgently needed. [4]

...

[1] Toyota do Brasil, press release (released on November 5, 2025)

[2] COP30: CAN Rejects Belém 4X Pledge on Sustainable Fuels as Credible Pathway to Just Transition

[3] Toyota’s Electric Vehicle Backtrack Deepens the Climate Crisis, Undermining the 1.5°C Pathway: Greenpeace East Asia Report

[4] Open letter to COP30: Scientists call on global leaders to limit crop biofuels

READ MORE

 

Exceprt from Energy Tech: Opponents of crop-based biofuels, however, contend that it’s anything but net zero. Agricultural biofuel production, they say, takes food out of the ground and emits more carbon dioxide (CO2) than the fossil fuels it replaces.

This last point is a key reported finding by European clean-energy advocacy group T&E. In its latest Cerulogy report, T&E calculates that global biofuels production emits 16% on average more CO2 than conventional fossil fuels. (Editor’s Note: The group is decidedly pro-electrification when it comes to energy for the transportation sector).

...

Biofuel counterpoint: Cleanest fuel is the fossil fuel avoided

The T&E viewpoint is countered by many biofuel supporters who contend that converting waste animal and agricultural products into renewable diesel, renewable natural gas and SAF is a net decarbonization win. Waste products--whether it’s cattle droppings, crop residue, landfill materials or discarded food—are known to emit high levels of methane, considered by many environmental scientists as multiple times more damaging to the climate than CO2.

Biofuels also replace oil demand, including as much as four million barrels per day by 2028, according to the IEA.

“Renewable electricity leads growth by avoiding an additional 1.3 million barrels equivalent per day of oil consumption over the forecast period, while biofuels avoid another 700,000 barrels per day,” says the IEA site. “By 2028, biofuels account for nearly 60% of avoided oil demand and renewable electricity for the remainder.”

...

Biofuels producers and their supporters contend they are doing important work with long-term environmental benefits. Even the pro-fossil Trump Administration Department of Energy released nearly $800 million in DOE loan guarantees for Montana Renewables’ SAF production plant expansion where it converts seed oil into fuel in Great Falls, Montana.

On the food waste side, Divert and refrigeration warehousing firm United States Cold Storage (USCS) are partnering on a recycling program to take unsellable food and beverages and turn them into renewable energy.

“Creating reliable and flexible diversion pathways to support our customers across the food value chain represents a massive opportunity to drive environmental and operational impact,” Andrew Johnston, VP and GM, Industrials, Divert, said when the collaboration with USCS was announced. “Our collaboration with USCS demonstrates how the cold storage industry can turn a challenge into a value-generating solution—meeting compliance requirements, reducing emissions, and unlocking positive ESG and business outcomes.”

Food waste and animal waste are one thing. Ethanol inspires specific environmental concerns because of the acreage used, the corn taken out of the food industry and the net energy loss involved in the refining process.

Some ethanol producers are working to correct the carbon emission imbalance. Recent stories in EnergyTech convey work by ethanol and biofuels producers to further reduce their carbon footprint.

Agricultural production giant ADM (Archer-Daniels-Midland) recently started up a carbon capture, transport and storage (CCS) project at its Nebraska Corn Processing Complex which ultimately produces ethanol.

Both ADM and Green Plains have separate CCS facilities at their Nebraska biofuels sites. The captured carbon is collected and moved through the Trailblazer Pipeline to carbon storage sites deep underground in North Dakota and Wyoming.

The Trailblazer is a converted natural gas pipeline. Summit Carbon Solutions and others are investing in the system to remove as much as 18 million metric tons of compressed CO2 per year out of the ethanol production systems.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Canadian Biomass Magazine: Advanced Biofuels Canada Association (ABFC) welcomes the Government of Canada’s announcement that it will join the Belém 4X Pledge on Sustainable Fuels, a landmark international commitment to quadruple the global use of sustainable fuels by 2035.

The Pledge, advanced by leading nations under the COP30 Global Sustainable Fuels Declaration, establishes a coordinated framework to accelerate investment, harmonize carbon-accounting standards, and promote open, transparent trade in sustainable fuels across transport and industrial sectors.

In addition to welcoming Canada’s decision, ABFC is endorsing the Belém 4X Pledge and committing to collaborate on implementation.

“Canada’s participation in the Belém 4X Pledge sends a powerful signal that sustainable liquid fuels are not only a domestic climate solution, but also a cornerstone of global energy security and trade. This commitment aligns Canada with international leaders that are transitioning energy systems towards net-zero emissions by 2050. The Pledge is not just an aspirational target, it’s an action commitment to accelerate low-carbon innovation, scale renewable fuel production and use, strengthen rural economies through new investment and jobs, and advance compatible carbon-accounting standards that reward emissions reductions,” said Doug Hooper, Director of Global Affairs at Advanced Biofuels Canada. “The Belém 4X Pledge underscores the growing recognition that clean fuels, such as biofuels, are essential to achieving net-zero goals, particularly in hard-to-abate sectors like aviation, marine, and rail.”

“Scaling sustainable fuels globally will unlock opportunities for Canadian biofuel producers and feedstock suppliers – and the 30,000 jobs they support across the country,” added Hooper. “It’s about building the partnerships and establishing market signals that let our industries compete on a level playing field, twinning climate progress with economic growth.”

At home, Canada is turning policies into performance, with fuel blends reaching ~10% ethanol and ~7% renewable diesel in 2024 (Navius Research, Biofuels in Canada 2025 report). Canada’s fuel regulations are driving innovations to significantly reduce fuel carbon intensities, and fuel producers are expanding made-in-Canada biofuel capacity. At full capacity, Canada’s clean fuel sector represents over $19 billion in economic output in 2025, and we are well-positioned to deliver on the Belém 4X Pledge by expanding output to over $40 billion by 2030.

With policy momentum at home and abroad, Canada is poised to convert this commitment into new domestic projects, capital investment, and durable jobs that advance the Belém 4X goals and build Canadian resilient capacity across the sustainable fuel supply chains.

Advanced Biofuels Canada is the national industry voice for producers, distributors, and technology providers of non-fossil, low carbon, and sustainable fuel replacements to gasoline, diesel, jet, and marine fuels. Our members operate over 45 billion litres of low carbon fuel production capacity globally and are significant suppliers to renewable and low carbon fuel in Canada and worldwide. For more information, visit www.advancedbiofuels.ca.  READ MORE

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Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization Dehydration Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) depolymerization depots dextrose dfdsffsfdfsf diatoms diesel Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) diesel fuel blendstock diesel prices Diesel R5 diesel with renewables diesel-range hydrocarbons diesel-to-biodiesel conversion diethyl ether digital Digital Biology diisobutylene (DIB) dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment DIN 51605 DIN EN 15376 (Ethanol blending component) direct air capture direct injection direct ocean capture Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) direct-to-fuel directed evolution dispense distillates distillation distilled biodiesel distilled palm methyl ester (DPME) distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME/rDME (dimethyl ether)/renewable DME DMF (2.5-dimethylfuran) Dominican Republic double cropping drawdown Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping dual-fuel/flex fuel ships Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E10M90 ethanol/methanol E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental attributes environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia Eswatini/Swaziland ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance ethanol-fueled aircraft Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/diesel ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala Guava Seed guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h hairy vetch Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen internal combustion engines hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISB10 isobutanol ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass 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(LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louis Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel LSMGO (Low Sulfur Marine Gas Oil) lubricants lumber mill lupin Luxembourg lysis M100 M15 M3 M50 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning machinery macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Fuel Oil Marine Gas Oil (MGO) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel Terminal Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering market forces market share marketing markets/sales Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute mass balance standard Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritania Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane leaks methane/biomethane methanization methanol benefits methanol fuel cells methanol hybrid methanol price Methanol-to-Gasoline Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ-SPK) Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methylbutenol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold Moldova molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials naphtha/bionaphtha/renewable naphtha naphthene NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Energy Council National Environmental Policy Act National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 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nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast Northern Australia northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oilcane Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive pomace olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course owa oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil Palm Oil Methyl Ester (PME) palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm trunk sap palm waste 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development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass rye straw s saccharification SAF pipeline SAF10 SAF30 SAF40 SAFc (Sustainable Aviation Fuel certificates) Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago sago pond weed SAIC sal tree Salicornia salt water salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar Samoa Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater seaweed cultivation Seaweed/Macroalgae second-generation biofuel income tax credit Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed husks seed-to-wheel Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil shark oil Shea sheep shellfish shipping 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