Americans Paying Record Electricity Prices as Gas Costs Climb

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December 01, 2025
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Naureen S. Malik (Bloomberg/Yahoo!) American households are paying more than ever before for electricity after prices surged the most in almost two years, according to the US Energy Information Administration.

The average retail price for electricity gained 7.4% in September to a record 18.07 cents per kilowatt-hour, the biggest gain since December 2023, according to data released Tuesday. Power costs are expected to climb even higher in 2026, and transportation and commercial customers are seeing similar trends, amid rising fuel costs and increased demand.

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The figures highlight the rising pressure consumers are facing from higher energy bills, as increased power consumption from data centers and industrial users boost prices. While electricity typically fluctuates from month to month due to weather, fuel costs and other reasons, the data shows that power prices have been steadily marching higher for the past five years.

A notable part of the increase comes from natural gas. September prices for the biggest source of US power were up 30% from a year earlier.  READ MORE

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Excerpt from Center for American Progress: This updated utility rate tracker shows rate increases or proposals set to go into effect over the next two years that, coupled with Trump administration actions, could mean that households and businesses see even higher utility bills over the next few years.

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In collaboration with the Natural Resources Defense Council, the Center for American Progress has updated a utility tracker it first published in June 2025 and updated in September 2025.

Brand new Center for American Progress and Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) analysis finds that upward of 107 million electricity customers (65 percent of all U.S. electric utility customers) and more than 46 million natural gas customers (59 percent of all U.S. natural gas utility customers) across 49 states and Washington, D.C., will face increased—or proposals for increased—utility rates by 2027. At least 210 U.S. gas and electric utilities have either already raised rates or proposed higher rates to go into effect within the next two years.* For some residents of Massachusetts, Missouri, Connecticut, New York, and Oklahoma, utility bills could increase by at least $35 per month—in one case, up to $60. Collectively, the in-effect and proposed rate increases would raise customers’ electricity and natural gas bills by $71.2 billion and $18.7 billion, respectively, by 2028.

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Instead of addressing rising utility costs, the Trump administration has canceled projects for new energy supply, issued massive new tariffs that worsen supply chain concerns, and increased consumer costs by forcing expensive coal plants to run past their scheduled retirements. President Trump’s giveaways for the fossil fuel industry and attack on clean energy, coupled with the effects of rolling back clean energy tax credits via the Big Beautiful Bill, means that American households could spend upward of $430 more per year on their energy bills within the next decade. Millions more individuals and families across the country will face even higher utility bills as a direct result of the federal government’s actions over the past few months—actions that are likely to continue in the months to come.

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Why energy prices are increasing

Americans are seeing higher energy bills due to a confluence of factors, including investment in outdated infrastructure, higher natural gas prices, and increasing energy demand. Some of the associated costs leading to increasing utility bills are necessary to build a modernized electric grid, while others will continue to inflict more costs on Americans due to natural gas price volatility or unchecked data center growth. Policymakers should prioritize the protection of ratepayers and invest in solutions to lower costs for households and businesses.

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For example, transmission lines have a lifespan of 50 to 80 years, and 70 percent of current transmission lines are more than 25 years old. Likewise, more than half of distribution transformers in the United States are more than 33 years old, which means they are approaching their end of life. The aging domestic grid is vulnerable to risks that threaten energy access and affordability, which leaves Americans susceptible to power outages, increased costs from inefficient transmission and distribution, and cybersecurity risks.

Climate-driven extreme weather is on the rise and showcases the vulnerability of the aging grid. Extreme weather is a leading cause of electric power outages: One study found that more than 70 percent of U.S. counties analyzed from 2018 to 2020 experienced at least eight hours of power outages during severe weather. As climate change continues to worsen, it will cost both utilities and consumers billions of dollars, including costs from power outage recovery and building a more resilient grid to avoid power outages.

The United States must invest in upgrading and modernizing the electric grid. Indeed, modernizing and building a more resilient grid will require parts such as poles, electrical conductors, and finished wires that are made up of steel, aluminum, and copper. The Trump administration’s 25 percent to 50 percent tariffs are significantly driving up the costs of these commodities, as about 20 percent of steel, 70 percent of primary aluminum, and 40 percent of refined copper are sourced from other countries. In addition, ongoing legal challenges and the risk of new and changing tariffs create uncertainty, making it hard for domestic manufacturers and developers to make sourcing decisions to obtain the materials they need for grid modernization projects.

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  1. Residents of Hawaii, the only state not accounted for in the tracker, already pay the highest average electricity prices in the country. U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Electric Power Monthly,” July 2025, available at https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_6_a.
  2. U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Retail electricity prices closely tracked inflation over the last 10 years,” September 11, 2024, available at https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=63064; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Consumer Price Index Summary,” Press release, September 11, 2025, available at https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm.
  3. U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Retail electricity prices closely tracked inflation over the last 10 years.”
  4. Akshay Thyagarajan and others, “Residents in at Least 41 States and Washington, D.C., Are Facing Increased Electric and Natural Gas Bills,” Center for American Progress, September 9, 2025, available at https://www.americanprogress.org/article/residents-in-at-least-41-states-and-washington-d-c-are-facing-increased-electric-and-natural-gas-bills/.
  5. Jesse Jenkins, Jamil Farbes, and Ben Haley, “The Impacts of the One Big Beautiful Bill on the US Energy Transition – Summary Report” (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University REPEAT Project, 2025), available at https://zenodo.org/records/15801701.
  6. U.S. Department of Energy, “What does it take to modernize the U.S. electric grid?”, October 19, 2023, available at https://www.energy.gov/gdo/articles/what-does-it-take-modernize-us-electric-grid; National Conference of State Legislatures, “Modernizing the Electric Grid: State Role and Policy Options” (Denver: 2021), available at https://www.ncsl.org/energy/modernizing-the-electric-grid.
  7. U.S. Department of Energy, “What does it take to modernize the U.S. electric grid?”
  8. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, “Distribution Transformer Demand: Understanding Demand Segmentation, Drivers, and Management Through 2050” (Golden, CO: 2024), available at https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy25osti/92076.pdf.
  9. Shalini Bhat, “Aging Electric Infrastructure in the United States,” University of Wisconsin-Madison, May 14, 2025, available at https://interpro.wisc.edu/aging-electric-infrastructure-in-the-united-states/.
  10. Vivian Do, “Spatiotemporal patterns of individual and multiple simultaneous severe weather events co-occurring with power outages in the United States, 2018-2020,” PLOS Climate (2025), available at https://journals.plos.org/climate/article?id=10.1371/journal.pclm.0000523.
  11. Vivian Do, “Spatiotemportal distribution of power outages with climate events and social vulnerability in the USA,” Nature Communications (2023), available at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-38084-6#citeas.
  12. U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Electricity Grid Resilience: Climate Change Is Expected to Have Far-reaching Effects and DOE and FERC Should Take Actions,” March 10, 2021, available at https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-423t#:~:text=Climate%20change%20is%20expected%20to%20affect%20every,and%20increasing%20wildfires%20may%20damage%20transmission%20lines..
  13. International Energy Agency, “Mineral requirements for clean energy transitions” (Paris: 2022), available at https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ffd2a83b-8c30-4e9d-980a-52b6d9a86fdc/TheRoleofCriticalMineralsinCleanEnergyTransitions.pdf; International Energy Agency, “Electricity Grids and Secure Energy Transitions” (Paris: 2022), available at https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ea2ff609-8180-4312-8de9-494bcf21696d/ElectricityGridsandSecureEnergyTransitions.pdf.
  14. Gregory Shearer, “Metals meltdown? The outlook for aluminum, steel, and copper prices,” J.P. Morgan, May 1, 2025, available at https://www.jpmorgan.com/insights/global-research/commodities/aluminum-steel-copper-prices; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, “OECD Economic Outlook, Interim Report: Finding the Right Balance in Uncertain Times” (Paris: 2025), available at https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2025/09/oecd-economic-outlook-interim-report-september-2025_ae3d418b/67b10c01-en.pdf.
  15. Ibid.
  16. U.S. Department of Energy, “Energy Department Announces Termination of 223 Projects, Saving Over $7.5 Billion,” Press release, October 2, 2025, available at https://www.energy.gov/articles/energy-department-announces-termination-223-projects-saving-over-75-billion.
  17. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Reconsideration of 2009 Endangerment Finding and Greenhouse Gas Vehicle Standards,” Federal Register 90 (146) (2025), available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-08-01/pdf/2025-14572.pdf; Climate Working Group, “A Critical Review of Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Emissions on the U.S. Climate” (Washington: U.S. Department of Energy, 2025), available at https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/DOE_Critical_Review_of_Impacts_of_GHG_Emissions_on_the_US_Climate_July_2025.pdf; American Meteorological Society, “The Practice and Assessment of Science: Five Foundational Flaws in the Department of Energy’s 2025 Climate Report” (Boston: 2025), available at https://www.ametsoc.org/ams/about-ams/ams-statements/statements-of-the-ams-in-force/the-practice-and-assessment-of-science-five-foundational-flaws-in-the-department-of-energys-2025-climate-report/pdf/.
  18. Jenkins, Farbes, and Haley, “The Impacts of the One Big Beautiful Bill on the US Energy Transition – Summary Report”; U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Consumption: Transportation Sector” (Washington: 2025), available at https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/sec11_8.pdf.
  19. International Energy Agency, “Electricity Mid-Year Update 2025” (Paris: 2025), available at https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/cc64f0aa-30e4-4497-9cca-1ffae2c55fe5/ElectricityMid-YearUpdate2025.pdf.
  20. U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Natural gas explained,” October 31, 2024, available at https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/use-of-natural-gas.php; U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Forecast wholesale power prices and retail electricity prices rise modestly in 2025,” January 27, 2025, available at https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=64384.
  21. Lucero Marquez, Akshay Thyagarajan, and Shannon Baker-Branstetter, “10 Trump Administration Actions That Could Lead to Higher Electricity Prices” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2025), available at https://www.americanprogress.org/article/10-trump-administration-actions-that-could-lead-to-higher-electricity-prices/.
  22. MEAG Power, “Understanding the Turbulent Natural Gas Market,” Spring 2023, available at https://www.meagpower.org/understanding-the-turbulent-natural-gas-market/.
  23. Oklahoma Corporation Commission, “OCC Reports Finalized Uri Securitization Cost,” Press release, May 29, 2024, available at https://oklahoma.gov/occ/news/news-feed/2024/occ-reports-finalized-uri-securitization-costs.html.
  24. Sarah Vogelsong, “Amid global energy price spikes, Dominion customers’ bills could rise between 12 and 20 percent,” Virginia Mercury, May 10, 2022, available at https://virginiamercury.com/2022/05/10/amid-global-energy-price-spikes-dominion-customers-bills-could-rise-between-12-and-20-percent/.
  25. Virginia State Corporation Commission, “Order establishing 2022-2023 Fuel Factor,” Case No. PUR-2022-0004, September 16, 2022, available at https://www.scc.virginia.gov/docketsearch/DOCS/7nql01!.PDF; John Hood, “Dominion Energy bills increase due to rising fuel costs,” 12 On Your Side, September 19, 2022, available at https://www.12onyourside.com/2022/09/19/dominion-energy-bills-increase-due-rising-fuel-costs/.
  26. U.S. Energy Information Administration, “U.S. wholesale electricity prices were lower and less volatile in 2024,” January 16, 2025, available at https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=64284.
  27. U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Short-Term Energy Outlook, October 2025” (Washington: 2025), available at https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo/pdf/steo_full.pdf.
  28. U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Short-Term Energy Outlook, June 2025” (Washington: 2025), available at https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo/pdf/steo_full.pdf; Milena Pressentin and others, “LNG Projects Are A Bad Deal for Germans and Americans” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2025), available at https://www.americanprogress.org/article/lng-projects-are-a-bad-deal-for-germans-and-americans/.
  29. U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Short-Term Energy Outlook, October 2025”; Chris Martinez, “LNG Exports Raise Natural Gas Prices for Americans,” Center for American Progress, November 6, 2023, available at https://www.americanprogress.org/article/lng-exports-raise-natural-gas-prices-for-americans/; U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Short-Term Energy Outlook Data Browser,” October 7, 2025, available at https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo/data/browser/#/?v=15.
  30. U.S. Department of Energy, “President Trump is Delivering on LNG,” June 11, 2025, available at https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2025-06/Jera_LNG_Factsheet_061125.pdf.
  31. U.S. Energy Information Administration, “After more than a decade of little change, U.S. electricity consumption is rising again,” May 13, 2025, available at https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=65264#:~:text=After%20more%20than%20a%20decade,U.S.%20Energy%20Information%20Administration%20(EIA).
  32. Lalit Batra and others, “Rising current: America’s growing electricity demand” (Reston, VA: ICF, 2025), available at https://www.icf.com/-/media/files/icf/reports/2025/energy-demand-report-icf-2025_report.pdf?rev=c87f111ab97f481a8fe3d3148a372f7f.
  33. McKenna Beck and Jackson Morris, “At the Crossroads: A Better Path to Managing Data Center Load Growth” (Washington: Natural Resources Defense Council, 2025), available at https://www.nrdc.org/resources/crossroads-better-path-managing-data-center-load-growth.
  34. Mike Jacobs, “Connection Costs: Loophole Costs Customers Over $4 Billion to Connect Data Centers to Power Grid” (Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2025), available at https://www.ucs.org/sites/default/files/2025-09/PJM%20Data%20Center%20Issue%20Brief%20-%20Sep%202025.pdf.
  35. Leonard Nicoletti, “AI Data Centers Are Sending Power Bills Soaring,” Bloomberg News, September 29, 2025, available at https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2025-ai-data-centers-electricity-prices/?embedded-checkout=true.
  36. Batra and others, “Rising current: America’s growing electricity demand.”
  37. The White House, “Winning the Race: America’s AI Action Plan” (Washington: Executive Office of the President, 2025), available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Americas-AI-Action-Plan.pdf.
  38. Lazard, “LCOE Lazard” (Washington: 2025), available at https://www.lazard.com/media/uounhon4/lazards-lcoeplus-june-2025.pdf.
  39. Tom Rutigliano, “Building Data Centers Without Breaking PJM,” Natural Resources Defense Council, September 30, 2025, available at https://www.nrdc.org/bio/tom-rutigliano/building-data-centers-without-breaking-pjm.
  40. Lucero Marquez, Akshay Thyagarajan, and Shannon Baker-Branstetter, “10 Trump Administration Actions That Could Lead to Higher Electricity Prices” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2025), available at https://www.americanprogress.org/article/10-trump-administration-actions-that-could-lead-to-higher-electricity-prices/.
  41. Mariel Lutz, Alia Hidayat, and Kate Petosa, “The Trump Administration Is Blocking Wind Power Projects That Would Create Thousands of Jobs,” Center for American Progress, August 25, 2025, available at https://www.americanprogress.org/article/the-trump-administration-is-blocking-wind-power-projects-that-would-create-thousands-of-jobs/; U.S. Bureau of Land Management, “Esmeralda Seven Solar Project,” available at https://eplanning.blm.gov/eplanning-ui/project/2020804/510 (last accessed October 2025).
  42. MEAG Power, “Understanding the Turbulent Natural Gas Market”; Lazard, “LCOE Lazard.”
  43. Jenkins, Farbes, and Haley, “The Impacts of the One Big Beautiful Bill on the US Energy Transition – Summary Report.”
  44. U.S. Department of Energy, “Federal Power Act Section 202(c): Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO),” August 20, 2025, available at https://www.energy.gov/ceser/federal-power-act-section-202c-midcontinent-independent-system-operator-miso-0.
  45. Michael Goggin, “The Cost of Federal Mandates to Retain Fossil-Burning Power Plants” (Washington: Grid Strategies LLC, 2025), available at https://www.sierraclub.org/sites/default/files/2025-08/grid-strategies-report.pdf.
  46. U.S. Department of Energy, “Energy Department Announces $625 Million Investment to Reinvigorate and Expand America’s Coal Industry,” Press release, September 29, 2025, available at https://www.energy.gov/articles/energy-department-announces-625-million-investment-reinvigorate-and-expand-americas-coal.
  47. Michelle Solomon, “Coal Power 28 Percent More Expensive In 2024 Than In 2021” (San Francisco: Energy Innovation, 2025), available at https://energyinnovation.org/wp-content/uploads/Coal-Cost-Update.pdf.
  48. U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Coal explained,” September 14, 2023, available at https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/coal/imports-and-exports.php.
  49. One Big Beautiful Bill Act, Public Law 21, 119th Cong., 1st. sess. (July 4, 2025), available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/1/text; U.S. Geological Survey, “Mineral Commodity Summaries” (Reston, VA: U.S. Department of the Interior, 2025), available at https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025-iron-steel.pdf.
  50. Jenkins, Farbes, and Haley, “The Impacts of the One Big Beautiful Bill on the US Energy Transition – Summary Report”; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Consumer Price Index Summary.”

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Plan (CPP) Clean Trucks Plan Clean Water Act climate change Climate Change Adaptation climate change effects climate change mitigation climate legislation climate smart/modern/conservation agriculture closed-loop system Clostridium thermocellum cloud point clover cmelina CNG Conversion kit co co-generation co-location Co-op Extension co-operative co-processing co-products CO2 Electrolysis CO2 neutral fuels CO2Removal Certificates (CORCs) coal Coal and Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) Coast Guard coastal habitat conservation coastal hay cobalt cock's foot coco coco methyl ester (CME) cocoa cocoa husks Coconut coffee coffee cherries coffee grounds coffee pulp cold flow cold-tolerance college/university Colombia Colorado combined heat and power (CHP) Comment Request commercial flights commercialization commissioning commo Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commodity trading common reed Community activity community college Community involvement/engagement community scale Community Wood Energy Program competition compliance compliance credits compost Compressed Natural Gas (CNG/R-CNG/bioCNG) compression ratios compression-ignition engine computer simulation concrete condensate Congo Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Congressional Review Act Connecticut Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) construction and demolition waste/debris consumer education contamination contest contrails conversion technology Cook Islands cook stoves cooking fuel cooperatives COP21 COP22 COP23 COP24 COP25 COP26 COP27 COP28 COP29 COP30 copper coppice CORCs (CO2 Removal Certificates) cordgrass corn bran Corn cobs corn ethanol corn fiber corn growers corn harvest corn kernel corn meal corn oil corn oil/distillers corn oil (DCO) corn prices corn stalks corn stover corn supply corn surplus corn syrup corn-based products corn/maize Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards corporate social responsibility corrosion corruption CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) cosmetics Costa Rica cotton cotton seed hulls cotton seed oil cotton stalk cottonwood Council on Environmental Quality county cover crops cow rumen cracking Crambe crassulacean acid metabolism plants (CAM) crimes criteria pollutants Croatia crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude lignin oil (CLO) crude oil Cruise Ships Cuba cup plant cuphea currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cusi Customs and Border Protection cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D20 (20%DME) D5 (5%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization Dehydration Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) depolymerization depots dextrose dfdsffsfdfsf diatoms diesel Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) diesel fuel blendstock diesel prices Diesel R5 diesel with renewables diesel-range hydrocarbons diesel-to-biodiesel conversion diethyl ether digital Digital Biology diisobutylene (DIB) dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment DIN 51605 DIN EN 15376 (Ethanol blending component) direct air capture direct injection direct ocean capture Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) direct-to-fuel directed evolution dispense distillates distillation distilled biodiesel distilled palm methyl ester (DPME) distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME/rDME (dimethyl ether)/renewable DME DMF (2.5-dimethylfuran) Dominican Republic double cropping drawdown Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping dual-fuel/flex fuel ships Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E10M90 ethanol/methanol E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental attributes environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia Eswatini/Swaziland ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance ethanol-fueled aircraft Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/diesel ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala Guava Seed guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h hairy vetch Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen internal combustion engines hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISB10 isobutanol ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass 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(LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louis Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel LSMGO (Low Sulfur Marine Gas Oil) lubricants lumber mill lupin Luxembourg lysis M100 M15 M3 M50 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning machinery macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Fuel Oil Marine Gas Oil (MGO) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel Terminal Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering market forces market share marketing markets/sales Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute mass balance standard Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritania Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane leaks methane/biomethane methanization methanol benefits methanol fuel cells methanol hybrid methanol price Methanol-to-Gasoline Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ-SPK) Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methylbutenol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold Moldova molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials naphtha/bionaphtha/renewable naphtha naphthene NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Energy Council National Environmental Policy Act National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 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nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast Northern Australia northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oilcane Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive pomace olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course owa oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil Palm Oil Methyl Ester (PME) palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm trunk sap palm waste 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development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass rye straw s saccharification SAF pipeline SAF10 SAF30 SAF40 SAFc (Sustainable Aviation Fuel certificates) Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago sago pond weed SAIC sal tree Salicornia salt water salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar Samoa Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater seaweed cultivation Seaweed/Macroalgae second-generation biofuel income tax credit Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed husks seed-to-wheel Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil shark oil Shea sheep shellfish shipping 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