2024 a Turning Point for Clean Cooking Access in Africa

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May 20, 2024
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(Bioenergy International) The first-ever high-level Summit focused on providing clean cooking access to the more than 1 billion people in Africa who currently lack it has delivered a breakthrough financial commitment for addressing one of the world’s most persistent and deep-seated inequalities.

Over 1,000 delegates from almost 60 countries gathered in Paris, France, on May 14, 2024, for the one-day Summit on Clean Cooking in Africa.

French President Emmanuel Macron of France hosted a special session for heads of state and other leaders at the Elysée Palace on the occasion of the Summit.

Improving access to clean cooking is about improving health outcomes, reducing emissions, and creating opportunities for economic growth. With today’s Summit, we have mobilized much-needed support and built a diverse partnership that together can make a real difference. Norway is a steadfast supporter of clean cooking, and I was pleased to announce today that we are committed to investing approximately US$50 million in this important cause, said Norwegian Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre.

Improve health and livelihoods

Lack of access to clean cooking affects over 2 billion people worldwide. Over half are in Africa, typically cooking over open fires and basic stoves.

Using charcoal, wood, agricultural waste, and animal dung as fuel, they inhale harmful toxic fumes and smoke with dire consequences for health.

It is the second leading cause of premature death in Africa. Women and children account for most of the lives lost, the vast majority of them in sub-Saharan Africa.

Opportunities for education, employment, and independence are limited because women instead spend hours each day foraging for rudimentary fuels.

Ensuring clean cooking access for all in Africa needs adequate, affordable, and sustainable financing for appropriate solutions and innovations; adequate global attention; and smart policies and partnerships. Successfully advancing the clean cooking agenda in Africa would contribute to protecting the environment, climate, and health, and ensuring gender equality. This Summit underscores our commitment to advancing this agenda and providing a framework towards universal adoption of clean cooking fuels and technologies across the continent, said President Samia Suluhu Hassan of Tanzania.

Enabling tools available

The tools for enabling clean cooking access are readily available and affordable – and can have a profoundly positive impact on the lives of people across Africa and beyond.

However, progress in many African countries has significantly lagged what has been seen in other regions in recent decades.

The Summit on Clean Cooking in Africa is the first time that such a large amount has been dedicated to clean cooking access at a single gathering, with the potential to make 2024 a turning point on an issue that has been overlooked for too long.

The pledges made at the Summit come on top of other recent commitments including that of the African Development Bank (AfDB) at COP28 in Dubai, UAE.

At the African Development Bank, we are delighted to play a leading role alongside the International Energy Agency, Tanzania, and Norway, to definitively tackle lack of access to clean cooking, that affects a billion people in Africa. In concert with countries, we will increase our financing for clean cooking to US$200 million annually over the next decade, while also scaling up the provision of blended finance for clean cooking through the Sustainable Energy Fund for Africa (SEFA), said Akinwumi A. Adesina, President African Development Bank Group.

Maintaining momentum

Following the summit, the IEA will employ a “double-lock system” to ensure that the momentum behind clean cooking does not slow in the coming months and years. The agency will focus efforts on two areas.

First, by using effective methods to ensure that pledges and commitments are fulfilled, tracking them carefully to make sure the money is spent in a timely manner and reaches those in need.

Second, the IEA will continue to play a convening role to engage more willing partners and generate new funds to help meet the US$4 billion a year in capital investments required between now and 2030.

Reaching this level of funding would enable the world to deploy the stoves and fuel delivery infrastructure needed to reach universal access to clean cooking in sub-Saharan Africa.

Success stories from other regions demonstrate that rapid and transformative progress on clean cooking is achievable.

Similar innovative approaches are now required in countries across Africa. Leaders at the Summit all highlighted that now is the time to show endeavour by fixing this problem once and for all.

At the Summit, more than 100 countries, international institutions, companies, and civil society organizations also endorsed The Clean Cooking Declaration, pledging to make the issue a priority and enhancing efforts toward achieving universal access for all.

This Summit has delivered an emphatic commitment to an issue that has been ignored by too many people, for too long. We still have a long way to go but the outcome of this Summit, US$2.2 billion committed, can help support fundamental rights such as health, gender equality, and education while also reducing emissions and restoring forests. And the commitments announced today go beyond the money alone – they set out concrete steps on how governments, institutions, and the private sector can work together to solve the clean cooking challenge this decade. I’m proud of the IEA’s decades of work on this issue and of its leadership in initiating this groundbreaking Summit. Going forward, we will rigorously track the commitments announced today to make sure they’re met on time and in full – and continue to do our utmost to bring greater resources and attention to this critical issue, said Dr Fatih Birol, Executive Director of IEA.

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Excerpt from EIA: Watch sessions

Participants

Government

  • Amani Abou-Zeid, Commissioner for Infrastructure and Energy, African Union Commission
  • Tahar Djouambi, Director General, Ministry of Energy and Mines, Algeria
  • Brendan Pearson, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Australia
  • Gerhard Jandl, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Austria
  • Mukhtar Babayev, President-Designate of COP29 and Minister for Ecology and Natural Resources, Azerbaijan
  • Elnur Soltanov, Chief Executive Officer of COP29 and Deputy Minister of Energy, Azerbaijan
  • Khondker M. Talha, Ambassador, Bangladesh
  • Régine Vandriessche, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Belgium
  • Adidjatou Hassan, Deputy Chief of Staff for State Minister of Economy and Finance, Ministry of Economy and Finance, Benin
  • Joaquim Pedro Silva, Deputy Permanent Representative to International Economic Organizations, Brazil
  • Lydwine Baradahana, Minister of Public Health and Fight Against AIDS, Burundi
  • Cynthia Mouafo Piaplie, Second Secretary (Political Affairs), Canada
  • Francisco Saffie, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Chile
  • Ehouman Narcisse Kalifa, Director General for Energy, Ministry of Mines, Petroleum and Energy, Côte d'Ivoire
  • Aleš Chmelař, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Czech Republic
  • Stephanie Mbombo, Presidential Special Envoy for New Climate Economy, Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Dan Jannik Jørgensen, Minister for Development Cooperation and Global Climate Policy, Denmark
  • Alaa Youssef, Ambassador, Egypt
  • Priit Pallum, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Estonia
  • Maroš Šefčovič, Executive Vice President, European Green Deal, Interinstitutional Relations and Foresight, European Commission
  • Ditte Juul Jørgensen, Director General, Directorate-General of Energy, European Commission
  • Christina Kokkinakis, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, European Union
  • Pasi-Heikki Vaaranmaa, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Finland
  • Chrysoula Zacharopoulou, Secretary of State for Development, Francophonie and International Partnerships, France
  • Laurent Biddiscombe, Executive Director for Sustainable Development Solutions, Agence Française de Développement, France
  • Clemens Kerres, Deputy Permanent Representative, Germany
  • Mavis Nkansah-Boadu, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs and Regional Integration, Ghana
  • George Pagoulatos, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Greece
  • László Havas, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Hungary
  • Praveen Mal Khanooja, Additional Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, India
  • Ramadansyah Hasan, Charge d’Affaires at the Embassy of Indonesia, Indonesia
  • Francesco Corvaro, Special Envoy for Climate Change, Italy
  • Eamon Ryan, Minister for Environment, Climate and Communications, Ireland
  • Jun Shimmi, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Japan
  • Davis Chirchir, Cabinet Secretary Ministry of Energy and Petroleum, Kenya
  • Catia De Oliveira Goncalves, Deputy Permanent Representative, Luxembourg
  • Olivier Jean-Baptiste, Minister of Energy and Hydrocarbons, Madagascar
  • Michael Usi, Minister of Natural Resources and Climate Change, Malawi
  • Ibrahim Matola, Minister of Energy, Malawi
  • Sybel Galván Gómez, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Mexico
  • Mohamed El Haouari, Director for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, Moroccan Agency for Energy Efficiency, Morocco
  • Alberto Maverengue Augusto, Ambassador, Mozambique
  • Carl Hermann Gustav Schlettwein, Minister of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Namibia
  • Jaime de Bourbon de Parme, Vice-Minister and Climate Envoy, Netherlands
  • Anne Beathe Tvinnereim, Minister of International Development, Norway
  • Jaroslaw Cwiek-Karpowicz, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Poland
  • Manuel Lobo Antunes, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Portugal
  • Jeanne d'Arc Mujawamariya, Minister of Environment, Rwanda
  • Birame Souleye Diop, Minister of Petroleum and Energy, Senegal
  • Jiwoh Emmanuel Abdulai, Minister of Environment and Climate Change, Sierra Leone
  • Kandeh Yumkella, Chairman, Presidential Initiative for Climate Change, Renewable Energy, and Food Security, Sierra Leone
  • Frantisek Ruzicka, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Slovak Republic
  • Nkosinathi Mthethwa, Ambassador, South Africa
  • Joan Groizard, Director General for the Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving, Spain
  • Mattias Frumerie, Climate Ambassador and Head of Delegation to UNFCCC at Swedish Ministry of Climate and Enterprise, Sweden
  • Catherine Cudré-Mauroux, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Switzerland
  • Mila Aziablé, Minister Delegate to the President of the Republic in Charge of Energy and Mines, Togolese Republic
  • Ruth Nankabirwa Ssentamu, Minister of Energy and Mineral Development, Uganda
  • Lord Benyon, Minister of State for Development and Africa, United Kingdom
  • January Makamba, Minister of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation, United Republic of Tanzania
  • Selemani Jafo, Minister of State, Vice President’s Office, United Republic of Tanzania
  • Judith Kapinga, Deputy Minister for Energy, United Republic of Tanzania
  • Sean Patrick Maloney, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, United States
  • Judith Mulenga, Ambassador, Zambia

 Non-government (companies, international organisations and civil society)

  • Rostam Aziz, Chairman, Taifa Group
  • Michelle Bachelet, Founder of Fundación Horizonte Ciudadano and Former President of the Republic of Chile
  • Hajia Samira Bawumia, Second Lady and Clean Cooking Alliance Global Ambassador, Ghana
  • Mustapha Abdul-Hamid, President of the African Refiners & Distributors Association & Chief Executive Officer of the Ghana National Petroleum Authority
  • Tim Bauer, Chief Executive Officer, Envirofit International
  • Jerome Beilin, Removall, Chief Executive Officer
  • Markus Berndt, Global Director, European Investment Bank
  • Ed Brown, Research Director, Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS)
  • Guido Brusco, Chief Operating Officer Natural Resources, ENI
  • Marisa Buchanan, Senior Vice President, Low Carbon Solutions, BP
  • James Bullen, Managing Director, Petredec Onshore
  • Jane Burston, Chief Executive Officer, Clean Air Fund
  • Kimball Chen, Chairman, Global LPG Partnership
  • Manish Dabkara, EKI Energy Services Limited, Chairman & Managing Director
  • Moussa Diao, Chief Executive Officer, Oryx Energies
  • Franz R. Drees-Gross, Regional Director of Infrastructure, World Bank
  • Alexander Eaton, Chief Executive Officer, Sistema.bio
  • Alain Ebobissé, Chief Executive Officer, Africa50
  • Michael Franz, Team Leader, GET.Invest
  • Peter George and Xavier Pierluca, Co-Investment Directors, Spark+ Africa Fund
  • Tedros Ghebreyesus, Director General, World Health Organization
  • Arunabha Ghosh, Chief Executive Officer, Council on Energy, Environment and Water
  • Arancha González Laya, Dean, Paris School of International Affairs (PSIA) at Sciences Po
  • Evandro Gussi, President and Chief Executive Officer, UNICA
  • Alexander Haack, Program Director Energising Development, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale, GIZ
  • Hadi Hallouche, Chief Executive Officer, Puma Energy
  • Russell Hardy, Chief Executive Officer, Vitol
  • Rachel Huxley, Head of Climate Change Mitigation, Wellcome Trust
  • Mo lbrahim, Founder and Chair, Mo Ibrahim Foundation
  • Belinda Ikazoboh, Vice President for Emerging Markets Power, Shell
  • Ben Jeffreys, Chief Executive Officer and Co-Founder, ATEC Global
  • Kato Kibuka, Chief Executive Officer, PowerUP
  • Silvana Koch-Mehrin, President & Founder, Women Political Leaders
  • Mahmoud Khene, Director, Western & Central Africa, OPEC Fund for International Development
  • Jules Kortenhorst, Chief Executive Officer and Executive Director, C-Quest Capital
  • Pushp Kumar Joshi, Chairman & Managing Director, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
  • Ryan LeGrand, President and Chief Executive Officer, US Grains Council
  • Elena Lobodina, Chief Executive Officer, Board Member, Circle Gas
  • Graça Machel, Deputy Chair of the Elders, Chair of the Board of the Graça Machel Trust and Former Minister of Education of Mozambique
  • Raphael Maganga, Chief Executive Officer, Tanzania Private Sector Foundation
  • Wanjira Mathai, Managing Director for Africa and Global Partnerships for the World Resources Institute
  • Euan McDougall, Chief Operating Officer, DelAgua
  • Scobie McKay, Chief Executive Officer, Imperative Global Projects PTE 
  • Stan Mittelman, Group Chief Executive Officer, Vivo Energy
  • Greg Murray, Chief Executive Officer, KOKO Networks
  • Nicholas Narsavidze, Chief Technical Officer, Kinetic7
  • Maria Neira, Director, Public Health, Environment and Social Determinants of Health Department, World Health Organization
  • Goher Ur Rehman Mir, Head of Global Sustainable Fuels Policy, Futuria Fuels
  • James Mwangi, Founder, Climate Action Platform Africa
  • Vanessa Nakate, Founder of the Rise Up Movement, Founder of Youth for Future Africa
  • Mark Napier, Chief Executive Officer, Financial Sector Deepening Africa
  • Joseph Ng’ang’a, Interim Managing Director and Vice President for Africa, Global Energy Alliance for People and Planet
  • Abdulmajid Mussa Nsekela, Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director, CRDB Bank PLC
  • Damilola Ogunbiyi, Chief Executive Officer and Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Sustainable Energy for All, and Co-Chair of UN-Energy
  • Sheila Oparaocha, Director, Energia Network
  • Anne Osinga, Chief Executive Officer, Mimi Moto B.V.
  • Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim, President, Association des Femmes Peules Autochtones du Tchad
  • Patrick Pouyanné, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, TotalEnergies
  • Tom Price, Chief Executive Officer, Ecosafi
  • Rémy Rioux, Chief Executive Officer, Agence Française de Developpement
  • Mary Robinson, Chair of The Elders and Former President of Ireland
  • James Rockall, Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director, World Liquid Gas Association
  • Stanlake Samkange, Assistant Executive Director, World Food Programme
  • Mitchell Sauers, Chief Executive Officer, UpEnergy Group
  • Boaz Schweiger, Executive Chairman, HomeBiogas
  • Peter Scott, Chief Executive Officer, BURN Manufacturing
  • Ash Sharma, Vice President, Special Funds, Nordic Environment Finance Corporation
  • Sameh Shenouda, Board Member & Chief Investment Officer, Africa Finance Corporation
  • Judith Simon, President and Interim Chief Executive Officer, Verra
  • Simon Stiell, Executive Secretary, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
  • Admassu Tadesse, President and Chief Executive, Trade and Development Bank
  • Sidi Ould Tah, President, Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa
  • Shrikant Madhav Vaidya, Chairman, Indian Oil Corporation Limited
  • Dymphna van der Lans, Chief Executive Officer, Clean Cooking Alliance
  • Roberto Vigotti, Secretary General, Renewable Energy Solutions for Africa Foundation
  • Eirik Wærness, Senior Vice President and Chief Economist, Equinor 
  • Paul Walton, Executive Director, Africa-Europe Foundation 
  • Ciyong Zou, Deputy to the Director General & Managing Director of the Directorate of Technical Cooperation and Sustainable Industrial Development, United Nations Industrial Development Organization

READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Associated Press: Participants at a global conference on how to reduce the world’s energy use are calling for universal access to clean cooking through government incentives and subsidies to unlock more private sector funds.

The Paris-based International Energy Agency’s 9th annual conference on energy efficiency brings together ministers, CEOs and thought leaders from around the world to discuss how to speed up progress on energy efficiency, which experts say can drastically reduce planet-warming emissions. On the agenda is how to deliver affordable clean cooking, which involves using electricity, solar and other solutions instead of more polluting fuels like charcoal, wood and kerosene.

“There are many practical barriers to energy efficiency, and of course the barrier of the need for investment up front,” said Brian Motherway, head of IEA’s office of energy efficiency and inclusive transitions. “The key to unlocking efficiency is in the hands of governments – strong, co-ordinated policies by governments will unlock finance and enable business and consumers to take the actions required to lower their bills.”

This year’s conference, which is being held in Nairobi, focuses on accelerating progress towards doubling energy efficiency progress by 2030 as agreed by governments at COP28.

Rashid Abdallah, the executive director of the Africa Energy Commission, said at a panel discussion on Tuesday that “clean cooking should be part of any energy policy” or socio-economic development plan.

Globally, around 2.3 billion people cook using solid biomass fuel – such as wood and charcoal – and kerosene. In Asia, 1.2 billion people lack access to clean cooking facilities, and in Africa, more than 900 million people use biomass as their primary energy source. These energy sources release harmful toxic fumes and smoke that leads to illnesses and deaths and contribute to climate change.

There’s also evidence that household air pollution from cooking with dirty fuels can lead to diabetes and adverse pregnancy outcomes such as stillbirth and low birth weight, said Matt Shupler, a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. “There are many known health effects,″ he said.

Cleaner alternatives include electric and ethanol cookers that emit fewer pollutants.

High prices are an obstacle to making clean, green and affordable cooking available to all, but positive trends are emerging in the sector, with investment in clean cooking enterprises surging to an all-time high of $215 million in 2022 and the number of clean cooking enterprises with revenue exceeding $1 million growing to 11 that same year, according to a report by the Clean Cooking Alliance.

Despite this progress, a huge capital gap remains in achieving universal access to clean cooking by 2030, as IEA estimates that $8 billion is needed annually as investment in clean cooking stoves, equipment and infrastructure to meet the goal.

One of the countries that has significantly scaled up affordable, high quality, clean cooking is Indonesia. In 2007 the government started implementing a program to transition its primary cooking fuel from kerosene to LPG. The proportion of the population with access to clean cooking doubled from 40% in 2010 to 80% in 2018. Regulation and incentives have been key to the program’s success, said Dadan Kusdiana, Secretary-General of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Energy and Mineral Resources.

“What we do is to provide the energy with affordability,” he said at a panel discussion on Tuesday. “They need this kind of energy, but they can’t afford it at the commercial price.”   READ MORE

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crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude oil Cuba cup plant cuphea currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cusi cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D20 (20%DME) D5 (5%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization Dehydration Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security 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drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance ethanol-fueled aircraft Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/diesel ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen price hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal 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microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts 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Nevada New Brunswick new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and 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