Summit on Clean Cooking in Africa --- May 14, 2024 --- Paris, France

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April 08, 2024
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The IEA is convening global leaders for a Summit on Clean Cooking in Africa to make 2024 a turning point for progress on ensuring clean cooking access for all. Today, nearly four in five Africans still cook their meals over open fires and traditional stoves, using wood, charcoal, animal dung, and other polluting fuels. This has dire impacts on health, gender equality and the environment, with women and children bearing the worst consequences. 

The IEA was the first international agency to start tracking energy access more than two decades ago and has been a steadfast voice advocating for clean cooking access ever since.

The Summit will be co-chaired by President Samia Suluhu Hassan of Tanzania, Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre of Norway and IEA Executive Director Fatih Birol.

It will be held on 14 May 2024 at the IEA Headquarters in Paris.

Solving this issue requires a historic commitment, which would be among the most consequential investments in Africa’s and the world’s future.

Attendance at this event is by invitation only.  READ MORE

Watch sessions

Participants

Government

  • Amani Abou-Zeid, Commissioner for Infrastructure and Energy, African Union Commission
  • Tahar Djouambi, Director General, Ministry of Energy and Mines, Algeria
  • Brendan Pearson, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Australia
  • Gerhard Jandl, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Austria
  • Mukhtar Babayev, President-Designate of COP29 and Minister for Ecology and Natural Resources, Azerbaijan
  • Elnur Soltanov, Chief Executive Officer of COP29 and Deputy Minister of Energy, Azerbaijan
  • Khondker M. Talha, Ambassador, Bangladesh
  • Régine Vandriessche, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Belgium
  • Adidjatou Hassan, Deputy Chief of Staff for State Minister of Economy and Finance, Ministry of Economy and Finance, Benin
  • Joaquim Pedro Silva, Deputy Permanent Representative to International Economic Organizations, Brazil
  • Lydwine Baradahana, Minister of Public Health and Fight Against AIDS, Burundi
  • Cynthia Mouafo Piaplie, Second Secretary (Political Affairs), Canada
  • Francisco Saffie, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Chile
  • Ehouman Narcisse Kalifa, Director General for Energy, Ministry of Mines, Petroleum and Energy, Côte d'Ivoire
  • Aleš Chmelař, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Czech Republic
  • Stephanie Mbombo, Presidential Special Envoy for New Climate Economy, Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Dan Jannik Jørgensen, Minister for Development Cooperation and Global Climate Policy, Denmark
  • Alaa Youssef, Ambassador, Egypt
  • Priit Pallum, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Estonia
  • Maroš Šefčovič, Executive Vice President, European Green Deal, Interinstitutional Relations and Foresight, European Commission
  • Ditte Juul Jørgensen, Director General, Directorate-General of Energy, European Commission
  • Christina Kokkinakis, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, European Union
  • Pasi-Heikki Vaaranmaa, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Finland
  • Chrysoula Zacharopoulou, Secretary of State for Development, Francophonie and International Partnerships, France
  • Laurent Biddiscombe, Executive Director for Sustainable Development Solutions, Agence Française de Développement, France
  • Clemens Kerres, Deputy Permanent Representative, Germany
  • Mavis Nkansah-Boadu, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs and Regional Integration, Ghana
  • George Pagoulatos, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Greece
  • László Havas, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Hungary
  • Praveen Mal Khanooja, Additional Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, India
  • Ramadansyah Hasan, Charge d’Affaires at the Embassy of Indonesia, Indonesia
  • Francesco Corvaro, Special Envoy for Climate Change, Italy
  • Eamon Ryan, Minister for Environment, Climate and Communications, Ireland
  • Jun Shimmi, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Japan
  • Davis Chirchir, Cabinet Secretary Ministry of Energy and Petroleum, Kenya
  • Catia De Oliveira Goncalves, Deputy Permanent Representative, Luxembourg
  • Olivier Jean-Baptiste, Minister of Energy and Hydrocarbons, Madagascar
  • Michael Usi, Minister of Natural Resources and Climate Change, Malawi
  • Ibrahim Matola, Minister of Energy, Malawi
  • Sybel Galván Gómez, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Mexico
  • Mohamed El Haouari, Director for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, Moroccan Agency for Energy Efficiency, Morocco
  • Alberto Maverengue Augusto, Ambassador, Mozambique
  • Carl Hermann Gustav Schlettwein, Minister of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Namibia
  • Jaime de Bourbon de Parme, Vice-Minister and Climate Envoy, Netherlands
  • Anne Beathe Tvinnereim, Minister of International Development, Norway
  • Jaroslaw Cwiek-Karpowicz, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Poland
  • Manuel Lobo Antunes, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Portugal
  • Jeanne d'Arc Mujawamariya, Minister of Environment, Rwanda
  • Birame Souleye Diop, Minister of Petroleum and Energy, Senegal
  • Jiwoh Emmanuel Abdulai, Minister of Environment and Climate Change, Sierra Leone
  • Kandeh Yumkella, Chairman, Presidential Initiative for Climate Change, Renewable Energy, and Food Security, Sierra Leone
  • Frantisek Ruzicka, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Slovak Republic
  • Nkosinathi Mthethwa, Ambassador, South Africa
  • Joan Groizard, Director General for the Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving, Spain
  • Mattias Frumerie, Climate Ambassador and Head of Delegation to UNFCCC at Swedish Ministry of Climate and Enterprise, Sweden
  • Catherine Cudré-Mauroux, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, Switzerland
  • Mila Aziablé, Minister Delegate to the President of the Republic in Charge of Energy and Mines, Togolese Republic
  • Ruth Nankabirwa Ssentamu, Minister of Energy and Mineral Development, Uganda
  • Lord Benyon, Minister of State for Development and Africa, United Kingdom
  • January Makamba, Minister of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation, United Republic of Tanzania
  • Selemani Jafo, Minister of State, Vice President’s Office, United Republic of Tanzania
  • Judith Kapinga, Deputy Minister for Energy, United Republic of Tanzania
  • Sean Patrick Maloney, Ambassador and Permanent Representative, United States
  • Judith Mulenga, Ambassador, Zambia

 Non-government (companies, international organisations and civil society)

  • Rostam Aziz, Chairman, Taifa Group
  • Michelle Bachelet, Founder of Fundación Horizonte Ciudadano and Former President of the Republic of Chile
  • Hajia Samira Bawumia, Second Lady and Clean Cooking Alliance Global Ambassador, Ghana
  • Mustapha Abdul-Hamid, President of the African Refiners & Distributors Association & Chief Executive Officer of the Ghana National Petroleum Authority
  • Tim Bauer, Chief Executive Officer, Envirofit International
  • Jerome Beilin, Removall, Chief Executive Officer
  • Markus Berndt, Global Director, European Investment Bank
  • Ed Brown, Research Director, Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS)
  • Guido Brusco, Chief Operating Officer Natural Resources, ENI
  • Marisa Buchanan, Senior Vice President, Low Carbon Solutions, BP
  • James Bullen, Managing Director, Petredec Onshore
  • Jane Burston, Chief Executive Officer, Clean Air Fund
  • Kimball Chen, Chairman, Global LPG Partnership
  • Manish Dabkara, EKI Energy Services Limited, Chairman & Managing Director
  • Moussa Diao, Chief Executive Officer, Oryx Energies
  • Franz R. Drees-Gross, Regional Director of Infrastructure, World Bank
  • Alexander Eaton, Chief Executive Officer, Sistema.bio
  • Alain Ebobissé, Chief Executive Officer, Africa50
  • Michael Franz, Team Leader, GET.Invest
  • Peter George and Xavier Pierluca, Co-Investment Directors, Spark+ Africa Fund
  • Tedros Ghebreyesus, Director General, World Health Organization
  • Arunabha Ghosh, Chief Executive Officer, Council on Energy, Environment and Water
  • Arancha González Laya, Dean, Paris School of International Affairs (PSIA) at Sciences Po
  • Evandro Gussi, President and Chief Executive Officer, UNICA
  • Alexander Haack, Program Director Energising Development, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale, GIZ
  • Hadi Hallouche, Chief Executive Officer, Puma Energy
  • Russell Hardy, Chief Executive Officer, Vitol
  • Rachel Huxley, Head of Climate Change Mitigation, Wellcome Trust
  • Mo lbrahim, Founder and Chair, Mo Ibrahim Foundation
  • Belinda Ikazoboh, Vice President for Emerging Markets Power, Shell
  • Ben Jeffreys, Chief Executive Officer and Co-Founder, ATEC Global
  • Kato Kibuka, Chief Executive Officer, PowerUP
  • Silvana Koch-Mehrin, President & Founder, Women Political Leaders
  • Mahmoud Khene, Director, Western & Central Africa, OPEC Fund for International Development
  • Jules Kortenhorst, Chief Executive Officer and Executive Director, C-Quest Capital
  • Pushp Kumar Joshi, Chairman & Managing Director, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
  • Ryan LeGrand, President and Chief Executive Officer, US Grains Council
  • Elena Lobodina, Chief Executive Officer, Board Member, Circle Gas
  • Graça Machel, Deputy Chair of the Elders, Chair of the Board of the Graça Machel Trust and Former Minister of Education of Mozambique
  • Raphael Maganga, Chief Executive Officer, Tanzania Private Sector Foundation
  • Wanjira Mathai, Managing Director for Africa and Global Partnerships for the World Resources Institute
  • Euan McDougall, Chief Operating Officer, DelAgua
  • Scobie McKay, Chief Executive Officer, Imperative Global Projects PTE 
  • Stan Mittelman, Group Chief Executive Officer, Vivo Energy
  • Greg Murray, Chief Executive Officer, KOKO Networks
  • Nicholas Narsavidze, Chief Technical Officer, Kinetic7
  • Maria Neira, Director, Public Health, Environment and Social Determinants of Health Department, World Health Organization
  • Goher Ur Rehman Mir, Head of Global Sustainable Fuels Policy, Futuria Fuels
  • James Mwangi, Founder, Climate Action Platform Africa
  • Vanessa Nakate, Founder of the Rise Up Movement, Founder of Youth for Future Africa
  • Mark Napier, Chief Executive Officer, Financial Sector Deepening Africa
  • Joseph Ng’ang’a, Interim Managing Director and Vice President for Africa, Global Energy Alliance for People and Planet
  • Abdulmajid Mussa Nsekela, Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director, CRDB Bank PLC
  • Damilola Ogunbiyi, Chief Executive Officer and Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Sustainable Energy for All, and Co-Chair of UN-Energy
  • Sheila Oparaocha, Director, Energia Network
  • Anne Osinga, Chief Executive Officer, Mimi Moto B.V.
  • Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim, President, Association des Femmes Peules Autochtones du Tchad
  • Patrick Pouyanné, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, TotalEnergies
  • Tom Price, Chief Executive Officer, Ecosafi
  • Rémy Rioux, Chief Executive Officer, Agence Française de Developpement
  • Mary Robinson, Chair of The Elders and Former President of Ireland
  • James Rockall, Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director, World Liquid Gas Association
  • Stanlake Samkange, Assistant Executive Director, World Food Programme
  • Mitchell Sauers, Chief Executive Officer, UpEnergy Group
  • Boaz Schweiger, Executive Chairman, HomeBiogas
  • Peter Scott, Chief Executive Officer, BURN Manufacturing
  • Ash Sharma, Vice President, Special Funds, Nordic Environment Finance Corporation
  • Sameh Shenouda, Board Member & Chief Investment Officer, Africa Finance Corporation
  • Judith Simon, President and Interim Chief Executive Officer, Verra
  • Simon Stiell, Executive Secretary, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
  • Admassu Tadesse, President and Chief Executive, Trade and Development Bank
  • Sidi Ould Tah, President, Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa
  • Shrikant Madhav Vaidya, Chairman, Indian Oil Corporation Limited
  • Dymphna van der Lans, Chief Executive Officer, Clean Cooking Alliance
  • Roberto Vigotti, Secretary General, Renewable Energy Solutions for Africa Foundation
  • Eirik Wærness, Senior Vice President and Chief Economist, Equinor 
  • Paul Walton, Executive Director, Africa-Europe Foundation 
  • Ciyong Zou, Deputy to the Director General & Managing Director of the Directorate of Technical Cooperation and Sustainable Industrial Development, United Nations Industrial Development Organization

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hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen price hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal 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management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Fuel Oil Marine Gas Oil (MGO) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel Terminal Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering market forces market share marketing markets/sales Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute mass balance standard Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritania Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane leaks methane/biomethane methanization methanol benefits methanol fuel cells methanol price Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ-SPK) Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methylbutenol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts 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Nevada New Brunswick new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive pomace olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course owa oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil Palm Oil Methyl Ester (PME) palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm trunk sap palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay Paris Agreement parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peach shell peaches peak oil peak oil demand peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin peela kaner pellet pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests pet food petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photoelectrocatalysis 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RNG tax credit roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rosin rotation crops Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) royalties RP-1 RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rubber seeds rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass rye straw s saccharification SAF pipeline SAF10 SAF30 SAF40 SAFc (Sustainable Aviation Fuel certificates) Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC sal tree Salicornia salt water salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar Samoa Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater seaweed cultivation Seaweed/Macroalgae 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