Stakeholders Submit Comments on 45Z Regs

Agriculture (USDA)BioRefineries/Renewable Fuel ProductionFederal Agency/Executive BranchFederal RegulationInternal Revenue ServiceMarketing/Market Forces and SalesOpinionsPolicySustainabilityTreasury Department
April 08, 2026
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by Cindy Zimmerman (Energy.AgWired.com) Industry stakeholders submitted comments this week to the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service regarding proposed rules on the 45Z Clean Fuel Production Credit.

The proposed regulations, released on February 3, provide guidance on the determination of clean fuel production credits, emissions rates, and certification and registration requirements. The proposal would extend the credit to Dec. 31, 2029, limit feedstocks to those grown or produced in North America, and eliminate the special rate for sustainable aviation fuel, among other stipulations.

Renewable Fuels Association President and CEO Geoff Cooper says the proposal makes “meaningful progress” in developing rules implementing tax credit, but the top priority for Treasury should be releasing an updated 45ZCF-GREET model as soon as possible.

“The technology-neutral structure of 45Z is a crucial feature, allowing clean fuel producers to pursue the most economically efficient and practical pathways for reducing emissions and boosting domestic energy production,” wrote Cooper in RFA’s comments to Treasury. “However, as currently drafted, certain aspects of the proposal introduce inconsistencies and implementation challenges that may limit participation, create unintended market impacts, and reduce the near-term effectiveness of the program.”

In addition to updating 45ZCF-GREET model, RFA says agencies should work with USDA to finalize and integrate workable, equitable, and science-based technical guidelines for regenerative agriculture feedstocks and an updated Feedstock Carbon Intensity Calculator (FD-CIC). Treasury should adopt a more flexible Provisional Emissions Rate process that allows for efficient characterization of new technologies and incremental emissions-reducing improvements at existing clean fuel facilities, as well as clarifying certain rules, such as the interaction of “undenatured fuel ethanol” and “denatured fuel ethanol” for 45Z credit generation, and that only transportation and industrial fuels are eligible for the credit.

In comments from the American Coalition for Ethanol (ACE), CEO Brian Jennings stressed the significant financial pressure facing rural America and that enabling farmers and producers to benefit from low-carbon practices is critical to unlocking the full value of the 45Z credit.

“Since farming practices represent about half of ethanol’s carbon intensity, clean fuel producers must have the opportunity to monetize low-carbon farming practices such as reduced tillage or precision fertilizer use to fully unlock the value of 45Z,” said Jennings. “If Treasury allows low-carbon farming practices to qualify towards emissions rates it could mean billions of dollars annually for clean fuel producers and farmers, providing a market-based opportunity to dramatically increase rural and farm income.”

ACE also noted the importance of keeping 45ZCF-GREET model and FD-CIC updated with the latest science and real-world data supported through activities such as the USDA Regional Conservation Partnership Program (RCPP) activity being led by ACE and specifically designed to address information gaps regarding the low-carbon benefits of farming practices to help improve the accuracy of modeling tools.

“We have strongly recommended updates to FD-CIC values for low-carbon farming practices by incorporating the best available science and results from real-world activities, so we are encouraged Treasury expects to make these updates as part of future iterations of the 45ZCF-GREET.”

In their comments to Treasury, fuel retailer organizations NATSO, NACS and SIGMA, which represent 90 percent of fuel sold at retail, continue to urge Congress to reinstate the Biodiesel Blenders’ Tax Credit to help stabilize fuel supplies and help lower prices for consumers, claiming that the 45Z tax credit is not helpful.

“The real-world implications on American energy supplies and the price that consumers pay at the pump should serve as the regulatory North Star of biofuel policy…“The ‘45Z’ Credit is not alleviating these affordability challenges for American consumers and businesses. It has not helped American consumers by lowering fuel prices and it has not helped American farmers by increasing sales of corn or soybeans used to produce renewable fuels.”  READ MORE

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Excerpt from DTN Progressive Farmer: The proposed IRS rule generated 448 public comments on the Regulations.gov website.

...

The tax credit for non-aviation fuel is 20 cents a gallon. The tax credit for sustainable aviation fuel is 35 cents a gallon.

At the same time, biofuel producers could see the tax credit increase fivefold if they follow prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements. Those issues are among those that should be adjusted in a final rule, the Iowa Renewable Fuels Association stated in its comments.

"Unfortunately, IRFA has received nearly universal reports that the administrative burden and cost to comply with PWA requirements are crippling the benefit of the program," IRFA stated.

Biofuel groups such as the American Coalition for Ethanol (ACE), Growth Energy and the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) said the 45Z is critical to the ethanol industry, the rural economy and U.S. energy security.

"If effectively implemented, the 45Z tax credit has the potential to stimulate domestic energy production, strengthen U.S. energy security, bolster rural economies, and support increased investment and innovation in the renewable fuels and agriculture sectors," RFA stated.

ACE noted both ethanol producers and farmers have a lot at stake with the rule. "U.S. corn farmers continue to experience painfully high input costs and low market prices," ACE stated. "Most corn farmers are forecast to suffer their fourth consecutive year of net profit losses in 2026."

For all of that to happen, biofuel groups pressed Treasury and the IRS to move quickly to finalize the regulations around 45Z.

...

One change in the proposed rule praised by biofuel groups is updating the Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Technologies (GREET) model to comply with changes made in the OBBBA last year. The law removed indirect land use as part of the calculation for emissions under the GREET model. RFA called for the Department of Energy (DOE) to more quickly release an updated GREET model for the 45Z.

The OBBBA also ensured feedstocks for the 45Z are limited to the U.S., Canada and Mexico, which will effectively shut down high volumes of imported used cooking oil from China and other countries. Those imports had disrupted the use of soybean oil and other domestic feedstocks by renewable diesel producers.

WAITING ON USDA'S FEEDSTOCK CALCULATOR

The proposed rule includes several layers and steps to recognize farm practices, which includes USDA finalizing its "Feedstock Carbon Intensity Calculator." Once USDA finalizes that, then DOE will adopt a 45Z version of the calculator within the GREET model, and then the IRS would publish additional guidance.

The IRS noted USDA's feedstock calculator is "undergoing testing, peer review and public comment," but USDA has not issued a notice on when that will happen.

Growth Energy pressed the IRS to "adopt reasonable interim measures to allow taxpayers to access emissions reductions from farm practices swiftly and without unnecessary administrative delays."

...

USDA has published final technical guidance to quantify, report and verify emission reductions from farm practices. Those technical guidelines were released in January 2025 in the final days of the Biden administration.

The focus of USDA's feedstock calculator is to demonstrate carbon sequestration and lower emissions from farm practices that support no-till or reduced tillage, increase cover crops and reduce fertilizer applications.

A spokesperson for USDA stated the rule is currently open for interagency review. "USDA will compile feedback and issue a final rule in the coming weeks."

RFA stated the group generally supports "regenerative feedstock cultivation practices," but the group also raised concerns that USDA's final feedstock calculator "could disadvantage clean fuel producers and farmers in certain regions based solely on their location and uncontrollable geographical factors."

Auditing based on USDA's technical guidelines also "may be overly complex and may discourage" farmers and biofuel producers. RFA called for "simplified and straightforward protocols" to certify and audit farm practices.

Along with that, the slow process of finalizing regulations will once again carry into the start of another crop season. RFA noted spring planting is already underway, and farmers have already made cropping decisions for the year. Farmers and biofuel producers "lacked the information, modeling tools and clear protocols" to leverage regenerative feedstocks for the 45Z credit, RFA stated. "Crops being planted now will be used as feedstock for clean fuel production later this year and well into 2027."

Given those factors, RFA and Growth Energy both called for Treasury to consider using "safe harbor" provisions for biofuel producers making efforts to apply the rules and calculation tools.

ACE has been using a USDA Regional Conservation Partnership Program (RCPP) grant to specifically look at regenerative farm practices and how they are undervalued in different locations in existing models, including USDA's feedstock calculator.

ACE noted Treasury doesn't need to "reinvent the wheel" to deal with verification and recordkeeping for farm practices because USDA agencies already have the tools. ACE pointed to USDA rules for conservation compliance to qualify for government payments. ACE stated Treasury should leverage USDA's existing tools when finalizing 45Z rules.

Growth Energy noted there are other farm practices that reliably quantify emission reductions which could be included in the feedstock calculator, citing the IRS and USDA should look at "biostimulants, biofertilizers and biopesticides" that "enhance soil health, improve nutrient uptake, and increase crop yields."

"It is therefore critical that farmers have flexibility to apply those farm practices that work best for their unique operations, leading to greater incentive and participation."

At the same time, the Trump administration has emphasized a broader effort to end what the president frequently calls "Green New Scam ideologies" and projects. President Trump's new 2027 budget plan details ending "Green New Scam" programs 21 times across the federal government, including USDA and the Energy Department.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from NATSO/PR Newswire: NATSO, representing truck stops and travel centers, SIGMA: America's Leading Fuel Marketers, and the National Association of Convenience Stores (NACS), filed public comments with the Department of Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service on the proposed rule for the "Section 45Z" Clean Fuel Production Credit. The following statement can be attributed to NATSO, SIGMA and NACS.

"The real-world implications on American energy supplies and the price that consumers pay at the pump should serve as the regulatory North Star of biofuel policy. Gasoline prices are one of the most visible, tangible ways consumers experience inflation in the U.S. economy. Higher diesel costs also raise the price of food, medicine and everyday household goods transported by truck as motor carriers experience higher operating costs.

"The '45Z' Credit is not alleviating these affordability challenges for American consumers and businesses. It has not helped American consumers by lowering fuel prices and it has not helped American farmers by increasing sales of corn or soybeans used to produce renewable fuels. The truth is, '45Z' has failed to help American farmers and American consumers of fuel. Treasury can begin to address these failures by finalizing rules that require transparent disclosure of credit values throughout the fuel supply chain, enabling the economic benefit of the '45Z' Credit to flow to consumers at the pump rather than disappearing in the margins of fuel producers.

"Congress has a distinct opportunity to rectify the volatility and chaos within the biofuel markets and provide relief for Americans by quickly reinstating the Biodiesel Blenders' Tax Credit. The Biodiesel Tax Credit is a proven approach that can bolster soybean demand and help stabilize retail diesel prices. This would actually benefit American farmers and consumers."

About NATSO, SIGMA, and NACS

NATSO is the trade association representing America's travel center and truck stop industry. Founded in 1960, NATSO represents the industry on legislative and regulatory matters; serves as the official source of information on the diverse travel center, truck stop and off-highway fuel retail industries; provides education to its members; conducts an annual convention and trade show; and supports efforts to generally improve the business climate in which its members operate. For more information visit NATSO.com. Follow NATSO on Facebook; Instagram; LinkedIn; and X. Contact: Tiffany Wlazlowski Neuman, Vice President, Public Affairs. 202-365-9459

SIGMA is the national trade association representing the most successful, progressive, and innovative fuel marketers and chain retailers in the United States and Canada. Founded in 1958 as the Society of Independent Gasoline Marketers of America (SIGMA), SIGMA has become a fixture in the motor fuel marketing industry. Representing a diverse membership of approximately 250 independent chain retailers and marketers of motor fuel, the association serves to further the interests of both the branded and unbranded segment of the industry while providing information and services to members. For more information visit SIGMA.org.

NACS For more than 60 years, NACS has been recognized as the premiere association for convenience and fuel retailers. NACS has more than 1,000 retail member companies that cumulatively represent more than 200,000 stores in 50-plus countries, including 90,000 stores in the United States alone. The U.S. convenience store industry, with more than 152,000 stores nationwide selling fuel, food and merchandise, conducts 160 million transactions daily and had sales of $837 billion in 2024. For more information, visit convenience.org. Follow NACS on LinkedIn, Twitter, Facebook and Instagram.   READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Iowa Renewable Fuels Association: The Iowa Renewable Fuels Association submitted comments April 6 to the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service regarding proposed rules for the 45Z clean fuel production tax credit. 

IRFA noted that the proposed rule is a great first step, but key modifications are necessary to unlock 45Z’s full potential. 

In its comments, IRFA highlighted that “Ongoing events in Iran have highlighted that the work to achieve American energy security is not done. While better off than only a few decades ago, rising prices at the pump are a clear signal that American consumers are still impacted by events half the world away. In order protect the American economy, we must enhance our energy security. Proper implementation of the 45Z clean fuel production tax credit can be a powerful tool in this fight.” 

Key points from IRFA’s comments include:   

  • Prevailing-wage and apprenticeship requirements must be streamlined and made workable in the real world: “Unfortunately, IRFA has received nearly universal reports that the administrative burden and cost to comply with prevailing-wage and apprenticeship requirements are crippling the benefit of the program.” 

  • Extend the end-of-quarter corrective action period and add safe harbor: “…the agency should establish a safe harbor from these fines for any plant that has a pending job category or wage determination before the Department of Labor that goes unanswered during the quarter.” 

  • Speed Department of Labor job-category and wage-rates determinations: “IRS should immediately work with the Department of Labor to determine county-specific wage rates for any county where a potentially qualifying facility is located.” 

  • Clearly, and with common sense, define what constitutes “repair” vs. “maintenance”: “Replacement of equipment due to normal wear or the end of its duty cycle should be considered maintenance and not subject to prevailing-wage and apprenticeship requirements.” 

  • Updated GREET model should be published as soon as possible: “Removal by Congress of unscientific indirect land-use changes (ILUC) penalties as part of the emissions-rate calculations was a big win for American farmers. However, this removal is effectively hollow until the updated model is published.” 

  • Harness farmers to the drive for American energy dominance: “IRS should work with the USDA to finalize regenerative-ag practices that will reduce the emissions rate for renewable fuels production facilities.” 

  • Fairly treat all renewable fuels production business models: “Final 45Z rules should recognize that various business models and marketing relationships are common and well-established … An entity producing at a facility via a tolling agreement should be eligible to claim 45Z.”

To read IRFA’s full comments, click here.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Renewable Fuels Association: The U.S. Department of Treasury has made “meaningful progress” in developing rules implementing the Section 45Z Clean Fuel Production Credit, but several aspects of the regulations need additional clarity and refinement, according to comments submitted to Treasury by the Renewable Fuels Association.

According to RFA’s comments, the top priority for Treasury should be releasing an updated 45ZCF-GREET model as soon as possible. The model is used by ethanol producers to determine the lifecycle “emissions rate” of their fuel, which ultimately establishes the value of the 45Z tax credit.

“If effectively implemented, the 45Z tax credit has the potential to stimulate domestic energy production, strengthen U.S. energy security, bolster rural economies, and support increased investment and innovation in the renewable fuels and agriculture sectors,” wrote RFA President and CEO Geoff Cooper. “The technology-neutral structure of 45Z is a crucial feature, allowing clean fuel producers to pursue the most economically efficient and practical pathways for reducing emissions and boosting domestic energy production.”

“However, as currently drafted, certain aspects of the proposal introduce inconsistencies and implementation challenges that may limit participation, create unintended market impacts, and reduce the near-term effectiveness of the program,” he added.

Among the major points stressed in the comments:

  • RFA strongly supports Treasury’s proposed integration of important changes to the 45Z credit program, as directed by last year’s One Big Beautiful Bill Act.
  • Treasury and the Department of Energy should immediately release an updated 45ZCF-GREET model that reflects OBBBA-directed changes.
  • The agencies should work with the Department of Agriculture to finalize and integrate workable, equitable, and science-based technical guidelines for regenerative agriculture feedstocks and an updated FD-CIC calculator.
  • Treasury should adopt a more flexible Provisional Emissions Rate process that allows for efficient characterization of new technologies and incremental emissions-reducing improvements at existing clean fuel facilities.
  • Energy Attribute Certificates must be retained as a practical, market-based tool for reducing emissions rates.
  • The interaction of “undenatured fuel ethanol” and “denatured fuel ethanol” for 45Z credit generation must be clarified.
  • Treasury should clarify that only transportation and industrial fuels are eligible for 45Z credit generation.
  • Foreign feedstock restrictions should not result in undue tracking, certification, and reporting requirements for feedstocks and fuel pathways that do not rely on imports.
  • Treasury should clarify several elements of Prevailing Wage and Apprenticeship requirements and provide safe harbors for good-faith efforts to comply.

“We believe the final 45Z regulations must recognize the realities of today’s biorefining and agriculture sectors and the complexities of our nation’s transportation fuels marketplace,” Cooper wrote. “At the same time, final regulations must embrace an intuitive and manageable approach to registration, reporting, recordkeeping, and emissions rate modeling that creates a dependable operating environment and empowers investment.”

Click here for the comments.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from OPIS: The comments, which were due Monday, come amid a years-long process to finally offer full implementation of the 45Z program after it was originally passed as part of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 and given a set date of Jan. 1, 2025.

“While the credit has technically been available since January 2025, producers and farmers have struggled to capitalize on it with only minimal guidance,” Kurt Kovarik, vice president of federal affairs for the Clean Fuels Alliance America (CFAA), said.

Despite delays in implementing the scheme thus far, legislators moved last summer to extend its window for implementation to 2029 as part of the One Big Beautiful Bill (OBBB) Act while also revising the credit value tiers offered to producers by nixing a separate, higher potential credit value that would have been offered to producers of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF).

...

Some groups offered differing opinions over the agency’s decision in the proposed rule to alter the language defining a transportation fuel to note that “to be considered suitable for use, a fuel need not actually be used as a fuel in a highway vehicle or aircraft.”

As currently written, the language would allow producers of fuels with several use-cases, such as renewable diesel, to still receive a credit if they sell fuel that is technically suitable for transportation or industrial use for other purposes.

Kovarik said the group appreciates the agency’s inclusion of maritime use as an example that is eligible for use.

Biofuel producers have increasingly set their sights on the maritime industry in recent years as a potential market for their fuels, with particular interest from producers of biodiesel. And while BBD can be blended at higher rates than competing fuels in marine engines, the sector has also seen growing interest from the renewable diesel and ethanol industries as well.

Given the somewhat open-ended language already in the proposed rule on transportation fuel, Kovarik said the agency should move even further to include forms of heating oil in the final rule.

“In that same vein, we ask that Treasury also include renewable heating fuels (e.g., Bioheat fuel) as an additional example of ‘transportation fuel’ that are ‘suitable for use as a fuel in a highway vehicle or aircraft,'” Kovarik said.

But Cooper said the decision to broaden the definition of “suitable for use” in the proposed rule errs from Congressional intent for the program to limit eligibility to solely fuels for transportation or industrial use.

Instead of taking a more open-ended approach to the provision, Cooper recommended that Treasury should instead clearly define all transportation and industrial fuel uses, including marine and heating oil, that would be eligible for a credit.

“Treasury could also make clear in the final regulations that all non-transportation and non-industrial fuel uses are ineligible,” Cooper said.

...

Jennings also called out the alleged reluctance from certain DOE officials to include a specific version of the USDA’s Feedstock Carbon Intensity Calculator (FD-CIC) in the next update to 45ZCF-GREET.

“This reluctance is unwarranted, would cost rural communities billions annually, and should not be allowed to stall the significant progress scientists at DOE and USDA have made to calculate the value of low-carbon farming practices,” Jennings said.

Cooper ultimately called on both the Treasury and USDA to bifurcate the process for offering both offerings, arguing that the Treasury should release 45ZCF-GREET now and offer the FD-CIC module that should be included in it at a later date.  READ MORE

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standards corporate social responsibility corrosion corruption CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) cosmetics Costa Rica cotton cotton seed hulls cotton seed oil cotton stalk cottonwood Council on Environmental Quality county cover crops cow rumen cracking Crambe crassulacean acid metabolism plants (CAM) crimes criteria pollutants Croatia crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude lignin oil (CLO) crude oil Cruise Ships Cuba cup plant cuphea currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cusi Customs and Border Protection cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D20 (20%DME) D5 (5%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization Dehydration Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) depolymerization depots dextrose dfdsffsfdfsf diatoms diesel Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) diesel fuel blendstock diesel prices Diesel R5 diesel with renewables diesel-range hydrocarbons diesel-to-biodiesel conversion diethyl ether digital Digital Biology diisobutylene (DIB) dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment DIN 51605 DIN EN 15376 (Ethanol blending component) direct air capture direct injection direct ocean capture Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) direct-to-fuel directed evolution dispense distillates distillation distilled biodiesel distilled palm methyl ester (DPME) distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME/rDME (dimethyl ether)/renewable DME DMF (2.5-dimethylfuran) Dominican Republic double cropping drawdown Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping dual-fuel/flex fuel ships Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E10M90 ethanol/methanol E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E32 E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental attributes environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia Eswatini/Swaziland ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance ethanol-fueled aircraft Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/diesel ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOAK (First of a Kind) FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenhouse Gas Protocol Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala Guava Seed guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h hairy vetch Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen internal combustion engines hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (HEFA-SKA) Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISB10 isobutanol ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State legumes lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena levulinic acid Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime linseed Lipid liquefaction liquid liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels liquidation Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps liquified biomethane (LBM) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louis Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel LSMGO (Low Sulfur Marine Gas Oil) lubricants lumber mill lupin Luxembourg lysis M100 M15 M3 M50 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning machinery macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Fuel Oil Marine Gas Oil (MGO) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel Terminal Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering market forces market share marketing markets/sales Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute mass balance standard Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritania Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane leaks methane/biomethane methanization methanol benefits methanol fuel cells methanol hybrid methanol price Methanol-to-Gasoline Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ-SPK) Methanol-to-Jet Cyclo Paraffins with Aromatics (MtJ-CKA) Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methylbutenol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold Moldova molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials naphtha/bionaphtha/renewable naphtha naphthene NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration 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Newfoundland and Labrador next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast Northern Australia northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oilcane Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive pomace olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course owa oxygen oxygenate oyster shell ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil Palm Oil Methyl Ester (PME) palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm trunk sap palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay Paris Agreement parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peach shell peaches peak oil peak oil demand peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin peela kaner pellet pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests pet food petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photocatalysis/photocatalysts photoelectrocatalysis photoelectrochemical 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project insurance propagating Propane/Biopropane/Renewable Propane propane/renewable propane pumps propanol property insurance propylene protectionism protein protests proton exchange membrane (PEM) public comments public health policy Puerto Rico pulp Pulp/Paper Mill pump retrofit kit pumps/fueling station pungam Punnai tree pyrolysis pyrolytic liquefaction Q-RIN QAP Qatar quality assurance Quality Assurance Plans (QAPs) quality improvement quantum dots Quebec Queensland quote of the week r R Factor R100/RD100 R33 R5 R95B5/RD95B5 R99/RD99 rabbits race radiata pine radish leaves Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing railroad rain tree rainforest ranchers RAND rare earth metal/critical minerals RD10 RD100 RD15 RD20 RD26 RD3 RD30 RD40 RD50 RD55 RD80 RD80B20 RD99 reclaimed mine lands Recycled Carbon Fuel (RCF) recycled oil recycled plastics recycling red algae redcedar Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) refineries 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RJ-4 RJ-6 RME (rape methyl ester) RME180 RNA (Ribonucleic acid) RNG tax credit roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rosin rotation crops Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) royalties RP-1 RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rubber seeds rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass rye straw s saccharification SAF pipeline SAF10 SAF30 SAF40 SAFc (Sustainable Aviation Fuel certificates) Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago sago pond weed SAIC sal tree Salicornia salt water salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar Samoa Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater seaweed cultivation Seaweed/Macroalgae second-generation biofuel income tax credit Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed husks seed-to-wheel Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil shark oil Shea sheep shellfish shipping shipping containers shipworm siam weed Sierra Leone silage silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver silver maple simarouba Singapore Singpore sisal SK slash Slovakia/Slovak Republic Slovenia sludge Small Business Administration Small Business Innovatin Research (SBIR) Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Program small engines small refinery exemption (SRE) smog smokestack soap soapstock Social social benefit investing social cost social value social venture Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) soi soil soil amendments soil carbon soil health soil microbial biomass solar energy solar energy-to-chemical conversion solar fuel solar thermochemical hydrogen (STCH) solaris Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell (SOEC) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Solomon Islands Solutions solvent liquefaction Somalia soot sorghum sorghum oil sorghum price sorghum stover South Africa South America South Australia South Carolina South Dakota South Korea South Pacific South Sudan Southeast Asia Southern Africa Soviet Union SOx (Sulfur oxides) soy meal soybean hulls soybean prices soybeans Spain spartina specifications Spekboom Spent Bleaching Earth Oil (SBEO) sprawl spruce Sri Lanka Stakeholders standards start-up State Department Statistics steam explosion steam methane reformation steam reformation steel stevia stillage storage tanks Straight (pure) Vegetable Oil (SVO or PVO) stranded assets Strategic Bioenergy Reserve STrategiv Petroleum Reserve straw students su sub-Saharan Africa sub-sim (substantially similar) succinic acid sucrose Sudan sugar Sugar Beets/Energy Beets Sugar kelp sugar palm sugar platform sugar prices sugar standards sugar-to-biodiesel sugar-to-farnesane sugar-to-jetfuel sugarcane 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