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Supreme Court’s EPA Ruling Could Put Other Regs in Danger

Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Agency/Executive Branch, Federal Litigation, Federal Regulation, Opinions, Policy, White House
July 1, 2022
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by Rachel Frazen (The Hill) The Supreme Court’s Thursday decision curtailing Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) authority could hamper regulations far beyond climate.

The conservative majority in the 6-3 ruling found that an Obama-era power plant rule was not permissible since it didn’t have “clear congressional authorization.”

But legal experts say this principle could be applied elsewhere, restricting the Biden administration from imposing other regulations in areas including health and consumer protections.

“If people think the federal government should be there to ensure that Americans have a basic level of health, safety and environmental protection, they should be very worried about these decisions,” said University of Michigan law professor Nina Mendelson. 

The high court’s ruling invoked a legal philosophy called the “major questions doctrine,” which posits that regulations of substantial national significance need to have clear authorization from Congress.

…

Experts said that the case could both impact litigation for existing regulations and have a chilling effect on how agencies approach rulemaking going forward.   READ MORE; includes VIDEO

Supreme Court handcuffs Biden’s climate change efforts (Politico Pro)

How Biden can still meet his climate goals — It wouldn’t be easy, but Democrats could still look to Congress, other kinds of regulations or the states in their effort to cut greenhouse gases.  (Politico Pro)

Opinion The EPA decision is the biggest one of all, and the court got it right (Washington Post)

Supreme Court curbs EPA’s climate powers (The Hill)

Supreme Court rejects EPA ability to set fleet-wide GHG emissions standards for power plants  (Utlity Dive)

Supreme Court limits EPA’s power to combat climate change (Washington Post)

The Supreme Court’s EPA Ruling: A Loss of Authority for Federal Agencies or a Lesson for Conservatives in ‘Be Careful What You Wish For’? The decision in West Virginia v. EPA could result in more expensive and restrictive carbon regulation—or the erosion of agencies’ ability to address society’s most pressing needs. (Inside Climate News)

‘Major Questions’ Ruling Opens Door To Scores Of EPA Rule Challenges (Inside EPA)

What’s on and off the table for post-SCOTUS climate action (E&E News)

Is Biden’s 2035 CO2 goal still achievable? What studies say (E&E News)

What the Supreme Court ruled the EPA can and can’t do (The Hill)

Court hobbles EPA on climate, and its options are limited: Other pathways to limiting climate change may be available, but they’re tricky (Roll Call)

EPA retains tools to cut power sector GHG emissions despite Supreme Court curbing its authority: attorneys — However, the court’s use of the ‘major questions doctrine’ signals likely challenges to future regulations, according to lawyers. (Utility Dive)

Supreme Court Wounded, but Didn’t Kill, Biden Climate Powers: The administration still has plenty of tools to limit climate pollution that the ruling in West Virginia v. EPA did not touch. (The American Prospect)

As Federal Climate-Fighting Tools Are Taken Away, Cities and States Step Up — Across the country, local governments are accelerating their efforts to cut greenhouse gas emissions, in some cases bridging partisan divides. Their role will become increasingly important. (New York Times)

3 climate rules threatened by the Supreme Court decision: The court’s use of the “major questions” doctrine is likely to spur challenges to climate and energy regulations. (Politico Pro/E&E News)

US court ruling may leave door open to CO2 trading (Argus Media)

Supreme Court Leaves States and Cities to Combat Climate Change (World War Zero; includes VIDEOS)

The silver lining for EPA in Supreme Court climate ruling (E&E News)

The Supreme Court’s EPA Ruling: A Loss of Authority for Federal Agencies or a Lesson for Conservatives in ‘Be Careful What You Wish For’? The decision in West Virginia v. EPA could result in more expensive and restrictive carbon regulation—or the erosion of agencies’ ability to address society’s most pressing needs. (Inside Climate News)

Opportunities For Climate Action After SCOTUS’s EPA Ruling (World War Zero; includes VIDEOs)

Up next: West Virginia AG targets SEC climate proposal (E&E News)

‘We don’t have to pretend anymore’: Greens ready to bail on D.C. — Environmentalists and many of their Democratic allies are preparing to focus on state capitals as the places to press for action on climate change — going back to a strategy they employed during the Trump era. (Politico)

Climate lawsuits proliferate, confronting corporate polluters (Politico Pro)

Time for Biden’s ‘Beast Mode’? (Politico’s Power Switch)

This climate approach could win John Roberts’ approval (E&E News/Climatewire)

 

Excerpt from The Hill: At issue in the case was language in the Clean Air Act that enables EPA to regulate power plants using a “best system of emissions reduction” and what specifically that system can entail.

The majority opinion, penned by Chief Justice John Roberts, determined that the Obama administration’s use of a system that involved moving away from carbon-intensive coal plants and toward natural gas and renewables did not qualify.

Roberts wrote that the plan, which involved regulating the power system as a whole instead of regulating individual plants, was an “unprecedented” view of the EPA’s authority that involved a “fundamental revision of the statute, changing it from [one sort of] scheme of . . . regulation” into an entirely different kind.

In Thursday’s ruling, the court took a regulatory tool off the table for the Biden administration, which is currently working on its own power plant regulations.

…

Justice Elena Kagan, writing a dissent for the three liberal justices on Thursday, said the majority was constraining the federal government’s ability to address carbon emissions during a time of crisis.

…

“The Court appoints itself—instead of Congress or the expert agency—the decision-maker on climate policy. I cannot think of many things more frightening.”  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Utility Dive:  In its decision, the Supreme Court said the EPA lacks the authority to regulate power plants across fleets instead of on a plant-by-plant basis.

Under a fleet-wide regulatory approach, “EPA can demand much greater reductions in emissions based on a very different kind of policy judgment: that it would be ‘best’ if coal made up a much smaller share of national electricity generation,” the court said. “And on this view of EPA’s authority, it could go further, perhaps forcing coal plants to ‘shift’ away virtually all of their generation — i.e., to cease making power altogether.”

It’s “highly unlikely” Congress gave the EPA the discretion to decide how much coal-based generation there should be over the coming decades, the court said.

Supreme Court Associate Justice Elena Kagan wrote a dissenting opinion that was joined by associate justices Stephen Breyer and Sonia Sotomayor.

The court’s decision “strips” the EPA’s ability to respond to climate change, according to Kagan.

“The majority’s decision rests on one claim alone: that generation shifting is just too new and too big a deal for Congress to have authorized it in Section 111’s general terms,” Kagan said. “But that is wrong. A key reason Congress makes broad delegations like Section 111 is so an agency can respond, appropriately and commensurately, to new and big problems. Congress knows what it doesn’t and can’t know when it drafts a statute; and Congress therefore gives an expert agency the power to address issues — even significant ones — as and when they arise.”  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Inside Climate News: The court did not reverse—or even revisit—its 2007 decision that EPA has the authority to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants under the Clean Air Act. In fact, West Virginia’s attorney general made clear from the start he was not seeking to overturn the landmark decision, known as Massachusetts v. EPA. Technically, the court’s ruling in the West Virginia case reversed a lower court’s ruling striking down the weak power plant regulations put into place by the Trump administration, rules that would have cut carbon emissions less than 1 percent. 

But the court’s decision clearly has limited what EPA can do under the Clean Air Act without further, explicit instruction from Congress—the kind of lawmaking on climate change that Congress has shown itself to be incapable of over three decades. Nevertheless, advocates of climate action and the Biden administration’s EPA maintain that despite the high court’s decision, the agency has both a duty, as well as some legal power, to act in the ways it can on carbon pollution from power plants and other sectors of the economy.

…

Roberts stopped short of the sweeping language many environmentalists feared, for example, by saying EPA had no power to act on climate change; instead, he focused on limiting EPA’s authority under one section of the Clean Air Act.    READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Inside EPA:  The Supreme Court’s June 30 decision that EPA is barred from mandating electricity generation shifting from dirtier energy sources to cleaner ones under the so-called “major questions” doctrine opens the door to countless other rule challenges and potential court rulings based on the same theory, attorneys are warning. They cite as examples EPA’s vehicle greenhouse gas rule, EPA’s waiver of preemption allowing California to set stricter vehicle rules, the administration’s pending rules governing the reach of the Clean Water Act,…  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from E&E News: Here’s three areas to watch that could influence the emissions trajectory of the power sector:

Revamp of EPA rules

EPA had projected at the start of the year it would release a proposal for replacing the 2019 Affordable Clean Energy rule, but the agency’s timeline has now shifted to next March, according to the Biden administration’s unified agenda (Climatewire, June 22).

The court’s ruling “takes a particular approach, and possibly the best approach, off the table,” Michael Burger, executive director of Columbia University’s Sabin School for Climate Change Law, said of the court decision.

Still, EPA could apply technological fixes that are better than the types of efficiency improvements favored under the Trump-era Affordable Clean Energy rule, said David Doniger, senior strategic director of the Natural Resources Defense Council’s climate and clean energy program.

Those could include using carbon capture and storage technology, an approach that had been barred under the 2019 rule. Carbon capture traps CO2 from point-sources like power plants before emissions can enter the atmosphere.

…

Tightening existing EPA rules is the most likely path for the agency, said Kevin Cromar, program director at the Marron Institute of Urban Management at New York University.

…

CCS and hydrogen

EPA could also offer blending fuels like natural gas or even hydrogen as a form of compliance for coal-fired power plants, said Doniger during a press call last week.

…

Lesley Jantarasami, managing director of the Bipartisan Policy Center’s energy program, said EPA will have to think about technology options like the “implementation of CCS at an individual facility in order to meet whatever they decide is the appropriate standard of emissions.”

Carbon removal, where CO2 emissions are captured from the air, is another form of technology deployment that could be used at an individual facility, added Jantarasami, who has previously worked at the Oregon Department of Energy and EPA.

…

A draft white paper released by EPA in May said the Petra Nova plant in Texas and the Boundary Dam plant in Canada are “projects that have demonstrated the separation and capture, transport, and geologic storage components of post-combustion carbon capture” (Energywire, May 9).

…

States, cities become ‘ground zero’

…

In the wake of the ruling, some states are now doubling down on emissions controls within their borders.

…

A day before the Supreme Court’s ruling, however, two clean energy advocacy groups underscored what they described as mixed levels of state and city progress on climate policies.

In a blog post, the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE) pointed to its examination last year of climate policies in 38 large U.S. cities.

Only about 20 of those were on track to cut greenhouse gas emissions “in line with global benchmarks” by 2050, wrote Alexander Jarrah, a research analyst on local policy for ACEEE.

Another group, RMI, published a climate scorecard on June 30 that graded six states — California, Colorado, Illinois, New Jersey, New York and Washington — on progress toward a 50 percent cut in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. That mirrors the national target set out by the Biden administration as an interim step toward net-zero emissions by 2050.

The scorecard found that none of those states are currently on track, despite a flurry of efforts to introduce new policies. READ MORE

 

Excerpt from The Hill: However, the safest way to shore up EPA authority would be “legislation, appropriate, adequate, serious legislation,” Herz (Cardozo School of Law professor Michael Herz) told The Hill.

“And failing that. EPA is going to do what it’s been doing, at least with Democratic presidents,” that is, attempt to implement the specific statutory provisions of the Clean Air Act, which “are not necessarily ideally suited” to lowering carbon emissions.

Adler (Dena Adler, a research scholar at New York University’s Institute for Policy Integrity) was more sanguine, telling The Hill that “while certain techniques still on the table may be less economically efficient than the Clean Power Plan, it is worth remembering that industry has repeatedly overestimated the costs of Clean Air Act compliance throughout history.”

In the meantime, she said, state and local governments can potentially pick up some of the slack through transportation, zoning and building code policies. READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Argus Media: The high court ruling does not foreclose the ability of EPA to use a cap-and-trade system or requirements for the use of technology such as carbon capture, according to lawyers who spoke today during a virtual forum hosted by the Georgetown Climate Center.

“If anything, it gives them more flexibility than I think they thought they had,” said Jeff Holmstead, head of the environmental practice at law firm Bracewell, who led EPA’s Office of Air and Radiation during the administration of former president George W Bush. “They spoke approvingly of trading. They talked about the flexibility that states have in meeting any section 111(d) guidelines or limitations,” referring to the part of the Clean Air Act used to issue the Clean Power Plan.

…

Another option for EPA could be to rely more heavily on other well-established regulations, such as standards for criteria air pollutants, that may have a co-benefit of reducing emissions.

…

Regardless of what path EPA choose, it will have to make sure it thoroughly explains its rationale for the regulations, or the agency could wind up losing again as the Supreme Court has given federal agencies less leeway in recent years.   READ MORE

 

Excerpt from E&E News:  EPA is now likely to ask the D.C. Circuit to remand the rule to it for a rewrite, which is due to be proposed early next year. The high court’s decision leaves EPA substantial latitude to regulate carbon through the power sector — just not through generation shifting.

…

When petitioners filed their request for certiorari to the Supreme Court last year, they also asserted that the Clean Air Act’s language “makes it plain” that states, and not EPA, should set emissions standards for existing sources regulated under Section 111(d) of the law.

The provision gives EPA the job of setting “guidelines” for states, which then formulate their own implementation plans that are submitted for EPA’s approval. Attorneys general from some states — led by North Dakota — argued that the provision gives states, and not the federal agency, the authority to determine how much emissions reductions their sources must deliver. That reading would have undercut EPA’s ability to set a national standard.

“There has been this argument all along that 111 is just procedural, it’s just kind of a box-checking exercise for EPA, and that it’s really the states that are the ones who are coming up with the emission limits,” said Jay Duffy, an attorney with the Clean Air Task Force who represented environmental respondents in the West Virginia case.

But the decision penned by Chief Justice John Roberts released last week affirms that the “the agency, not the states, decides the amount of pollution reduction that must ultimately be achieved.”

Duffy said that confirms EPA’s authority to set “actual, numerical, substantive emission limits” for existing sources regulated under the Clean Air Act provision.

“So that’s an important win as well,” he said.

The Roberts majority opinion found that the Clean Power Plan’s “systemwide” approach to power sector decarbonization is out of bounds. That approach encouraged trading that fossil fuel advocates characterized as a requirement that fossil-fuel-based utilities subsidize their greener competition.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Politico’s Power Switch:  Climate emergency declaration 
Presidents have declared national emergencies more than 100 times in the past 50 years— usually for foreign crises. But former President Donald Trump set a new precedent in 2019 when he used the lever to circumvent Congress and funnel billions of dollars into his border wall with Mexico.

Now, climate advocates want Biden to follow suit and declare a national climate emergency. While not a silver bullet, the move would unlock billions of dollars annually to fund a clean energy revolution and protect the most vulnerable from the impacts of climate change.

“This is kind of a put up or shut up moment for Biden,” said Collin Rees, the U.S. program manager at Oil Change International.

Still, the president would need the Supreme Court to uphold a declaration. That might be a risky bet after the conservative high court hobbled the administration’s ability to clean up the power sector last month — even if the same court allowed Trump’s emergency gambit to proceed.

Plus, Biden’s recent calls to increase domestic oil production as a response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has not exactly inspired confidence from climate advocates.

“Biden is about to do what every president before him has done on climate: nothing,” Will Cleveland, a senior attorney at the Southern Environmental Law Center, said in a tweet. “It’s up to states for the foreseeable future.”  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from E&E News/Climtewire:  Roberts (Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts) wrote that “capping carbon dioxide emissions at a level that will force a nationwide transition away from the use of coal to generate electricity may be a sensible ‘solution to the crisis of the day.’”

That line helps environmentalists’ case for using a different part of the Clean Air Act to set national limits for greenhouse gases, said Maya Golden-Krasner, climate deputy director for the Center for Biological Diversity.

The Supreme Court’s 6-3 opinion in the West Virginia case found that EPA didn’t have the authority to write the Obama administration’s signature climate rule, the Clean Power Plan. Roberts wrote for the majority that “it is not plausible” that Congress gave EPA the authority to adopt “such a regulatory scheme” using Section 111(d) of the Clean Air Act. He was joined by the court’s five other conservative justices.

“Basically, Justice Roberts said, ‘We’re not going to allow you, EPA, to do this major generation-shifting regulation under this one ancillary section of the Clean Air Act,” Golden-Krasner said.

…

“But it might make sense to do it under other sections,’” like the National Ambient Air Quality Standards.

…

CBD and 350.org asked EPA to set a national limit on atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations using a section of the Clean Air Act that’s used to clamp down on air pollutants such as carbon monoxide, lead and ozone.

…

Opponents of the move — including officials who worked in the Obama and Trump administrations — contend that greenhouse gas emissions don’t fit within this particular section of the Clean Air Act, which forces states to crack down on emissions.

Because greenhouse gases are global pollutants, state plans couldn’t have “any measurable effect” on concentrations within the state’s borders, Trump EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler wrote on Jan. 19, 2021, as he rejected the petition the day before leaving office (Greenwire, March 3).

Biden’s team promised to reconsider. In a March 2021 letter, Biden’s acting EPA Administrator Jane Nishida told the Center for Biological Diversity that she was undoing the Trump denial and that EPA would take another look. The “agency did not fully and fairly assess the issues raised by the petition,” she wrote.

And this summer, a series of developments in the climate policy world has renewed advocates’ hope that the Biden EPA might consider setting national caps on greenhouse gases. The Supreme Court knocked down another EPA approach to climate, but may have left the door open to the path CBD is pushing for.

…

The standards assume that ambient concentrations of criteria pollutants “impose particularized and measurable health and other impacts in defined areas,” Segal (Scott Segal, co-chair of government relations at the law firm Bracewell LLP) said, pointing to high concentrations of particulate matter and ozone in the Los Angeles Basin that cause smog.

“By contrast, a molecule of carbon dioxide is around the world in seven days,” Segal said. “It does not concentrate in the fashion covered by the NAAQS program, so applying NAAQS to greenhouse gases would be a major expansion of the program without specific authorization.”

…

There is a risk that the entire country could be in nonattainment, “with no hope of attainment until the entire world reduced to that level,” he said, adding, “That’s not really the way the NAAQS program works — it essentially focuses on limited areas of high concentrations, and works to reduce targeted emission sources.”

…

Declaring a climate emergency could help EPA make the argument that it needs to set a cap on greenhouse gases, said Bill Snape, a law professor at American University and senior counsel at CBD.

“If Biden does declare a climate emergency and the administrator of EPA decides to do a rulemaking on making climate pollutants criteria pollutants, then I think the administration strengthens that administrative move,” Snape said.  READ MORE

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DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization Delaware DeltaWing demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) depolymerization depots dextrose diatoms diesel diesel-range hydrocarbons diesel-to-biodiesel conversion Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) diesel fuel blendstock diesel prices Diesel R5 Diesel Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel/HVO/Paraffinic Diesel diesel with renewables digital Digital Biology diisobutylene (DIB) dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment DIN 51605 DIN EN 15376 (Ethanol blending component) direct-to-fuel direct air capture directed evolution direct injection Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) dispense distillates distillation distilled biodiesel distilled palm methyl ester (DPME) distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME/rDME (dimethyl ether)/renewable DME DMF (2.5-dimethylfuran) Dominican Republic double cropping drawdown Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought-resistant drought tolerant dry ice dual cropping Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol E. coli E0 E0 price E2 E3 E4 E5 E5 price E6 E7 E8 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E40 E50 E75 E78 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E95 E97 E98 E100 E100 conversion kit earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED95 education educational business private educational tour Education Series 3030 efficiency Egypt Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electricity price electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electroly electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants El Salvador embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 228 EN 590 EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) end user Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine/Fuel Co-optimization Engine Development engineering engine problems England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment Environmentalists environmental justice environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling enzymes Enzyme solicitation EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) ethane Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G ethanol benefits ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol blend wall ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethylbenzene ethylene ethyl levulinate (EL) ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication externalities extremophiles f F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farmers farming farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices Feedstocks feedstock storage feedstock transportation fermentation ferry fertilizer F Factor fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch/FT Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flavors flax Fleets fleet turnover fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) Flightpath flight tests flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources forestry Forest Service fossil carbon fossil fuel fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) free fatty acids (FFA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon games gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasificatio gasification gasoline gasoline-range hydrocarbons gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gas prices gas tax/highway user fee General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) giant cane Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo gliricidia sepium global rebound effect global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grains grain sorghum/milo grain speculators GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green/black economy green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP h Haiti Halophytes harvesting harvest site processing Hawai'i hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ health health benefits health effects heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel heat of combustion heat of vaporization Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras Honge tree nuts Hong Kong hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrids Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrocarbon fuels hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen hydrogen aircraft hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogenolysis hydrogen pipeline hydrogen price hydrogen pumps hydrogen terminal hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export India Indiana Indian beech tree Indian grass indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesi Indonesia industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine internal combustion engine/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica Japan jatobá Jatropha Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs jojoba Jordan JP-4 JP-5 JP-8 JP-10 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kansas Kans grass Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid Lake County lamp oil landfill methane Landfills land ownership land prices land rights landscape land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime Lipid liquefaction liquid liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps liquified biomethane (LBM) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louisiana low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel lpg lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M3 M15 M50 M100 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandate mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maps marginal land Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Gas Oil (MGO) market forces marketing markets/sales market share Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute Massachusetts mass balance standard Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methan methanation methane/biomethane methane leaks methani methanization Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methanol fuel cells methanol price Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) MOVES2014 Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials nano particles naphtha/bionaphtha/renewable naphtha NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Environmental Policy Act National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Laboratory Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oilheat Research Alliance National Research Council National Science Foundation (NSF) national security National Security Council National Transportation Safety Board National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Native American tribes natural gas Natural Gas Act natural gas input natural gasoline natural gas prices natural gas vehicles Navy Nebraska neem negative carbon emissions neodymium Nepal net energy balance Netherlands Nevada New Brunswick Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand next generation biofuels next generation vehicles Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota Northeast Northern Ireland Northern Territory North Korea Northwest Territories Norway Noth Dakota Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition nut shells oak oat hulls oats oat straw Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil/gas terminals oil embargo oil exploration oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil ref oil refineries oil replacement Oils oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olives olive water Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA overview overview/survey course oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay Paris Agreement parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peaches peak oil peak oil demand peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin peela kaner pellet pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photoelectrocatalysis photoelectrochemical photolysis photosynthesis phragmites pigeon pea pilot pilot scale pine pineapple pine beetle pine needles pine nut pinion pipelines Pistacia chinensis PLA plant cell research plant cell walls plant oil plastic plastic-to-jet Plug-in Flex Fuel Hybrid Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) plume grass podcasts Poland poli Policy politics pollinators pollution pollution control polyethylene polyfuel polymer polysaccharides pomace pomegranates pongamia pongamia pinnata poplar poppy population control Portable refinery Portugal potassium potato poultry litter/waste power-to-x/gas/liquid prairie grasses pre-processing precision farming/agriculture precursors/biointermediates premium gasoline Pretreatment pretreatment equipment price price of water prickly pear Prince Edward Island process flow diagram producer tax credit Production tax credit productivity project insurance propagating Propane/Biopropane/Renewable Propane propanol property insurance propylene protectionism protein protests proton exchange membrane (PEM) public comments public health policy Puerto Rico pulp Pulp/Paper Mill pump retrofit kit pumps/fueling station pungam Punnai tree pyrolysis Q-RIN QAP Qatar quality assurance Quality Assurance Plans (QAPs) quality improvement Quebec Queensland quote of the week r R5 R33 R99/RD99 rabbits race radiata pine radish leaves railroad rainforest rain tree RAND rare earth metal RD10 RD20 RD30 RD55 RD80 RD80B20 RD99 RD100 reclaimed mine lands recycled oil recycled plastics recycling red algae Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) refineries reforestation Reformate regenerative braking regenerative farming Regulated Emissions regulations Regulations-Federal Regulations-State Regulatory Enhancement Growth Support (REGS) Reid vapor pressure (RVP) remediation Renewable Chemical renewable chemical producer tax incentive renewable chemical production tax credit Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel/HVO/Paraffinic Diesel Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel price Renewable Diesel Production renewable diesel pumps renewable diesel tax credit renewable diesel terminal Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Directive (RED/RED II/REDIII) Renewable Energy Standard Renewable Energy to Fuels through Utilization of Energy-Dense Liquids (REFUEL) renewable fuel renewable fuel oil (RFO) Renewable Fuels Directive (EU) Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) revisions/repeal Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS and RFS2) renewable gasoline blendstock renewable marine diesel Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) price Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) pumps Renewable Portfolio Standards Renewable Power Standard Renewable Synthesized Iso-Paraffinic Fuels (SIP) Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) renewable volume obligation (RVO) RenovaBio replacement molecules Repowering Assistance Program repurpose research and development research facility resiliency resource depletion resurrection grass retail retrofit return on investment R Factor RFI (Request for Information) RFS "reset" RHD100 Rhizosphere Observations Optimizing Terrestrial Sequestration (ROOTS) Rhode Island rhododendron Ricardo rice rice bran rice bran oil rice hulls rice husks rice price rice straw/paddy straw RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) RIMPAC RINs (Renewable Identification Numbers) RINs markets RINs price risk management RJ-4 RJ-6 RME (rape methyl ester) RME180 RNA (Ribonucleic acid) RNG tax credit roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rosin rotation crops royalties RP-1 RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass s saccharification SAF30 Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower SAF pipeline sago pond weed SAIC SAK Salicornia salt-tolerant saltbush sal tree salt water Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater Seaweed/Macroalgae seaweed cultivation Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed husks Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil shark oil sheep shipping shipping containers Sierra Leone silica Silphie/cup 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reformation steel stevia stillage storage tanks Straight (pure) Vegetable Oil (SVO or PVO) stranded assets Strategic Bioenergy Reserve STrategiv Petroleum Reserve straw students su sub-Saharan Africa sub-sim (substantially similar) subsid succinic acid sucrose Sudan sugar sugar-to-biodiesel sugar-to-farnesane sugar-to-jetfuel Sugar Beets/Energy Beets sugarcan sugarcane sugarcane prices sugarcane straw Sugar kelp sugar palm sugar platform sugar prices sugars sugars-to-fats sugar standards sulfur Sumatra sunflower sunflower stalks supercritical fluid supercritical hydrolysis supply agreements supply chain Supreme Court surahart Suriname Sustainability Swaziland Sweden sweetgum sweet potatoes Sweet sorghum swine waste Switchgrass Switzerland syngas syngas/gas fermentation synthesised aromatic kerosene (SAK) synthetic biology synthetic diesel synthetic gasoline synthetic kerosene synthetic liquified gas (SLG) synthetic methane/e-methane synthetic natural gas Syria Tailoring Rule Taiwan Tajikistan tall oil tallow tallow tree tamanu/nyamplung Tamarix tank-to-wheel tank cars tankers tanker trucks Tanzania tariffs taro tar sands Tasmania tax benefit tax credit taxes tax incentives tax parity tax policy tea teach-the-teacher teacher teacher resources teacher training technical course Technical Readiness Levels techno-economic analysis technology transfer tech transfer telephone utility poles Tennessee termites terpenes terrestrial carbon testing Texas textbook Thailand theft therapeutics Thermal catalytic depolymerization (TCD) thermal deoxygenation thermocatalytic conversion thermochemical conversion thermochemical liquefaction Tibet Tier 3 Tier 4 tilapia tillage Timor-Leste tires tobacco tobacco tree Togo Tokyo toluene Tonga tool Toronto torrefaction totai Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) trade trade dispute/discrimination trade group trade organization Trade Policy trade secrets training trains transesterification transgenics transition Transportation Fuels Policy 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