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Boundless: Exporting to More Places

by Katie Schroeder (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  ... Ed Hubbard, general counsel and vice president of government affairs at the Renewable Fuels Association, says a growing number of countries around the world are not only committed to using more ethanol but

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Smokeless Biofuel Stoves Introduced to Ghanaian Senior High Schools by SESA

by Anita Serwaa Adzoga  (My Joy Online) Smart Energy Solutions for Africa (SESA) has begun deploying smokeless fuel energy innovation in some senior high schools in the Ashanti region. In partnership with the Akenten Appiah-Menka University, the project seeks to reduce the use

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Pivot Clean Energy: Accelerating Household Transitions to Bioethanol

(Ethanol Producer Magazine) Produced by Ethanol Producer Magazine, Pivot’s Alicia ElMamouni discusses the movement to increase access to bioethanol for the billions of people currently lacking access to modern, clean household energy. Recorded live at the 2023 FEW in Omaha, Nebraska.

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Jatropha: The Biofuel that Bombed Seeks a Path to Redemption

by Sean Mowbray (Mongabay) • Earlier this century, jatropha was hailed as a “miracle” biofuel. An unassuming shrubby tree native to Central America, it was wildly promoted as a high-yielding, drought-tolerant biofuel feedstock that could grow on degraded lands across

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West Africa Dialogue on Ethanol Clean Cooking Solutions: Social, Health, Economic, Environmental and Climate Impacts

(ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE))  The Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to UN of several countries is lagging behind in achieving 2030 SDG commitments and actions. The pandemic became a bottleneck in the development process of the

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Africa Faces Rising Energy Demands

by Colin Ley (Biofuels International) Assessing the state on biofuels development across Africa with any degree of accuracy or fairness is always a challenge, given the vastness and diversity of the continent. The complexity of the task is even greater at

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Researchers Find Ways to Turn Bamboo into Biofuel

by Chris Conte (KBZK) Researchers have found a way to turn bamboo into biofuel, a process that could have major implications for the future of the clean energy industry. "This is a simple and yet cost-effective process," said Ali Salifu, a researcher

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Singapore’s JOil the World’s First Corporate to Obtain Gold Standard Sustainability Certification for Its Jatropha Plantation

(Jatropha JOil Singapore Pte Limited/PR Newswire)  NGO-backed Gold Standard certification obtained for Ghana plantation; JOil’s proprietary Jatropha varieties a highly productive non-food crop for multiple sustainable industrial applications including biofuel; Second certification following ISCC certification since 2019   Singapore-based Jatropha JOil Singapore

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6 Automakers and 30 Countries Say They’ll Phase Out Gasoline Car Sales

by Brad Plumer and Hiroko Tabuchi (Wall Street Journal) Ford, G.M. and Mercedes agreed to work toward selling only zero-emissions vehicles by 2040. But Toyota, Volkswagen and Nissan-Renault did not join the pledge. At least six major automakers — including Ford, Mercedes-Benz,

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Global Initiative Aims to Bring Transparency to Voluntary Carbon Markets

by y Susanna Twidale (Reuters/London South East) A global initiative was launched on Thursday to bring transparency and rigour to the voluntary carbon market that is expected to grow rapidly over the next few years as countries and companies strive to

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Bamboo: A Substitute for Wood for Biofuel

(Bio Market Insights)  ... recently, bamboo has caught their eye, as evidenced in a study made in Indonesia which we discuss, as it presents a future in sustainable energy.  Bamboo is one of the most productive and fastest growing plants on the

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Denmark, Norway, and the United States to Lead Zero-Emission Shipping Mission

(U.S. Department of Energy) The governments of Denmark, Norway, and the United States, along with the Global Maritime Forum and the Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller Center for Zero Carbon Shipping, today announced that they will lead a new Zero-Emission Shipping Mission as

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New Report: 21st Century Agriculture Renaissance: Solutions from the Land

(Solutions from the Land) “There has never been a greater need for an Agricultural Renaissance. The many voices of farmers, echoing across centuries of scarcity and abundance, challenge us to find new ways forward, paths that produce abundance for expanding populations

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Asenyansu to Get a US$10 Million Ethanol Factory

(GhanaWeb)  Mr Sun Qiang, a Chinese Entrepreneur at Aframagya has disclosed of plans to establish a US$10 million ethanol factory at Asenyansu to help create employment for the youth. The factory, which is under construction was expected to be completed in

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Africa Women Innovation and Entrepreneurship Forum (AWIEF) Launches Enterprise Development for Women-Owned Ventures in Green Energy Startup Incubator DEADLINE August 15, 2020

(Business Ghana/ APO Group/Africa Women Innovation and Entrepreneurship Forum (AWIEF)) Africa Women Innovation and Entrepreneurship Forum (AWIEF) Launches Enterprise Development for Women-Owned Ventures in Green Energy Startup Incubator – Call for Applications Announced The Startup Incubator programme is aimed at helping

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The Versatile Ethanol Molecule: Ethylene, with a Similar Molecular Structure to that of Ethanol, Has Enormous Market Opportunity around the World.

by Susanne Retka Schill (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  Knock a water molecule off ethanol and you’ll get ethylene, C2H4—the most widely produced organic chemical globally that is the basis for scores of other chemicals and hundreds (maybe thousands) of products, from

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Scania Delivers 450 Buses to Abidjan – Studies Local Biofuel Production

(Scania) Scania has signed an agreement with the Ivorian Ministry of Transport and SOTRA, the Abidjan Transport Company, to deliver 450 buses. The bus delivery forms part of a major initiative to upgrade SOTRA’s fleet and improve public transport in Abidjan,

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Towards Sustainable Bioeconomy - Lessons Learned from Case Studies

by Marta Gomez San Juan, Anne Bogdanski and Olivier Dubois  (Food and Agricultural Organization) ... )T)his report offers lessons from 26 case studies of sustainable bioeconomy interventions from around the world and from a range of different sectors. The overall aim of the report is

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Paper Sludge to Biogas, 3D Printed House, Cocoa Bean Waste-to-Fuel, Vegan Silk Biopolymers, Biobased Adhesives, and More: The Digest's Top 10 Innovations for the Week of May 8th

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  The pace of bioeconomy invention and change continues at a frenetic pace. Here are the top innovations for the week of May 8th. In today’s Digest, paper sludge to biogas, 3D printed house, cocoa bean waste-to-fuel, vegan

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Ivory Coast Hopes to Squeeze the Profits from Palm Oil

(BBC News)  The palm oil industry originated in West Africa but is now dominated by massive plantations in South-East Asia. The BBC's Tamasin Ford reports that Ivory Coast, and other African countries, are trying to take the lucrative business back home

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Eugene Man Resentenced in Biodiesel Fraud Case

by Maxine Bernstein (The Oregonian/OregonLive)  Jack Holden and co-defendant Lloyd Benton Sharp together defrauded 12 people who invested in a project to produce biodiesel fuel in the West African nation of Ghana. When the project failed, the two men duped the investors

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Rapeseed Costs Less than Fuel Oil

by Helena Taveras Kennedy (Biofuels Digest) In Germany, UFOP reports that for years now, dramatically low prices have defined the level of revenues from rapeseed and soft wheat. The drought year 2018 did not do anything to change this. So anyone who is

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Ghana's and Nigeria's Green Energy Biofuels Scaling Renewable Ethanol for Clean Cooking Fuels

(Green Energy Biofuels)  The KIKE Green Cook stove has been successfully used in households of all income levels in Kumasi and Accra's capital city, Ghana and widely used in Nigeria. It has been introduced by the Nigerian Alliance for Clean

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USGC Finds Potential for Growing Ethanol Markets in Nigeria and Ghana

(U.S. Grains Council)  The U.S. Grains Council (USGC) recently conducted a market assessment mission to Nigeria and Ghana gauging the potential for U.S. ethanol exports to these countries. “The mission identified a need for higher ethanol volumes and engaged government and industry

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European Bioeconomy University: UEF and UNIBO Join Four Universities to Form International Alliance with Focus on Bioeconomy

(Science/Business)  Europe’s leading universities in the field of the bioeconomy are looking to further intensify their existing cooperation to develop common problem-solving approaches for society’s most urgent challenges. JOINT PRESS RELEASE from the Universities of Hohenheim, Bologna, and Eastern Finland, AgroParisTech, BOKU

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Agri-Tech Can Turn African Savannah into Global Food Basket – African Development Bank

(African Development Bank Group)  The African Development Bank is championing a new regional and global effort to transform the African Savannah from a “Sleeping Giant” to the cradle of the continent’s green revolution. “This sleeping giant needs to wake up,” the Bank’s

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Special Issue: Using an Ecosystem Services Perspective to Assess Biofuel Sustainability

(SEI.org)  This special issue of the journal Biomass and Bioenergy attempts to fill research gaps on the sustainability implications of liquid biofuel production, applying an ecosystem services perspective  --  ...  The 14 papers included in the special issue provide novel and original contributions that

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Commonwealth Countries Get Knocked Down, But Get Up Again

by Helena Tavares Kennedy (Biofuels Digest)  With 195 countries on the planet today, an impressive 53 countries are Commonwealth countries, including countries in Africa, Asia, the Americas, Europe and the Pacific. They include large, rich countries like Canada and Australia all

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U.S. Ethanol Makers Call on Mexico, India to Reduce Biofuel Glut

by Michael Hirtzer (Reuters)  U.S. ethanol producers, looking to relieve a growing domestic glut, are hunting for new international fuel markets to replace China and Brazil after trade disputes slashed exports to those top buyers. ... Without new markets, U.S. producers may have

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Sona Group Beefs up Production at Nigeria-Based Ethanol Plant

(Biofuels International)  India-headquartered Sona Group has announced that it has beefed up the production at its Nigeria-based ethanol plant, according to media reports from Business Day. The website reported that Sona ethanol will producing 120,000 litres daily, approximately 43.8 million litres per annum

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Pan-African Food and Non-Food Biomass Expert Network Unveiled

by Liz Gyekye  (Bioenergy Insight)  The “first” pan-African expert network on food and non-food biomass has been launched by African and German researchers. BiomassNet aims to ensure that food security and environmental sustainability are not compromised in the development of new

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Is It the End or Just the Beginning for Jatropha?

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  ... In Botswana, jatropha’s adventures are just beginning according to the Ministry of Minerals Resources, Green Technology and Energy Security’s advisor, Freddie Motlhatlhedi. He was referring to a joint research project done by Botswana and Japan that shows

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GBEP Works with ECREEE to Further Sustainable Bioenergy Uptake in Western Africa

by Meghan Sapp (Biofuels Digest)  In Ghana, ECREEE collaborated with the Global Bioenergy Partnership (GBEP) and hosted the 5th GBEP Bioenergy Week in the ECOWAS region in Accra, Ghana (5th ECOWAS/GBEP Bioenergy Week) to provide an opportunity to share knowledge and experience with

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African Oil Trader Taleveras Takes First Step into Biofuels

by Anna Hirtenstein  (Bloomberg)  Taleveras signs joint venture with Global Green Development; First phase of biofuels project seen costing $400-$600 million  --  Taleveras Group, the African oil trading company, is making its first moves into renewable energy by setting up a

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Here Comes BioChina: Amyris, Others Bypass the 4 Myths of Business in the Middle Kingdom

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  From California arrives the very interesting news that Amyris has entered into an agreement with Blue California whereby its affiliates will provide access to its fermentation manufacturing in China and provide the necessary capital to

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China New Energy Scores $12.5 Million in Contracts to Build Cassava Ethanol Plant in Ghana

by Meghan Sapp (Biofuels Digest)  In the UK, China New Energy announced it has won a number of contracts with Supercare Group Limited of Ghana and CNBM General Machinery Co., Ltd in China to construct a new ethanol plant in

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New Research: Forcing Local Peoples off Their Lands Drives Almost Two-Thirds of Conflicts Between Companies and Local Communities in Africa

(RightsAndResources.org)  Experts at Dakar event point to a significant cause of investment losses, work stoppages and violence across Africa: the failure of governments and companies to respect the land rights of indigenous and local communities Sixty-three percent of disputes related to

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Ghana’s First Ethanol Producer Diversifying and Seeking More Cassava

by Meghan Sapp (Biofuels Digest) In Ghana, the country’s only ethanol producer—Caltech—has produced 150,000 liters of ethanol from cassava since starting up the 3 million liter per year facility in August. The company is also expanding into biogas, liquefied carbon dioxide

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Community Heroes Awards DEADLINE: February 1, 2017

(Awake Africa)  The Community Heroes Awards is an initiative of African Centre for Peace Building and Awake Africa Magazine which seeks to identify, celebrate and honor individuals and organizations who have committed themselves to promote development at the grassroots through

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Mayors of Paris, Madrid, Athens & Mexico City Stumble; African Nations Get It Right on Policies for Cleaner Air with Cleaner Diesel Fuel & Technology

(Diesel Technology Forum)  Last week, the mayors of four cities - Paris, Madrid, Mexico City and Athens - announced they had pledged to remove diesel vehicles from their cities by 2025.  Last week, five African countries - Ghana, Ivory Coast, Togo,

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Jatropha Oil: Ghana’s Next Potential Source of Biofuel

by Theophilus Kumah* (Advanced Biofuels USA) With the issue of biofuels and renewable energy making waves all over the globe, it is therefore not surprising when Africa (particularly Ghana) is not left out on investing in the future of energy.

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Accepting Applications for 2017 Borlaug Global Research Alliance Fellowships

(US Department of Agriculture)  The U.S. Department of Agriculture is now accepting applications for the 2017 Borlaug Global Research Alliance Fellowships. Fellows will work with a mentor at USDA’s Agricultural Research Service or a U.S. university for up to 12

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The Huge Unexploited Potential of Generating Biofuels from a Food Processing Residue, Palm Kernel Oil (PKO), with Ghana in Perspective

By Theophilus Kumah* (Advanced Biofuels USA) Energy is a great determinant in ensuring the growth of the economy of every country. Ghana, as a country, has faced some instability in the supply of energy for domestic and industrial use owing

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Komenda Sugar Factory Will Create 7,000 Jobs – Mahama Resurrects Nkrumah's Dream

(MyJoyOnline)  President John Mahama has inaugurated the revamped Komenda sugar factory in the Central region, predicting that the manufacturing plant will create over 7,000 direct and indirect jobs. At a colorful ceremony on the site of the factory, President Mahama said

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Green Energy & Biofuels Gets Acumen $800,000 Investment for Clean Cooking Solutions

(Development Diaries)  Acumen, the nonprofit social venture fund, announces its new investment in Green Energy & BioFuels (GEB), a Nigerian company creating cleaner, more cost-effective cooking solutions for West Africa’s low-income households. In Nigeria, more than 40 percent of urban

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Ghana’s First Ethanol Plant to Begin Production

(GhanaWeb)  Caltech Ventures, a cassava cropping and processing company at Hodzo, in the Ho Municipality, is to begin the production of cassava-derived ethanol by March this year, the first in Ghana. Ghana currently imports 60 million litres of ethanol yearly. ... All is

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Green Energy & Biofuels Top as Finalist at Zayed Future Energy Prize Awards 2016

(Green Energy Biofuels)  The World Future Energy Summit that began in Abu Dhabi with a call for the world to turn the words of the COP21 Paris Agreement into tangible action – perfectly showcased the shortlisted nominees for the $4

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Global Markets and Technologies for Biofuel Enzymes

(PR Newswire/BCC Research)  This BCC Research report explores present and future strategies within the biofuel enzymes market, which includes amylase, cellulose, xylanase, lipase and other enzymes such as protease, lysomax, FermaSure, etc. Forecasts provided through 2020. Use this report to: Analyze the

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Hyacinths and Sawdust Used to Combat Africa’s Cooking Pollution

by Anna Hirtenstein (Bloomberg/The Washington Post)  A brew made from sawdust and water hyacinth flowers may help reduce the millions of lives lost across the developing world from the fumes of ramshackle cooking equipment. Those are the ingredients being used by Green

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Suspected Biodiesel Fraud Scheme on 3 Continents Puts Man before Portland Jury

by Bryan Denson (The Oregonian/Oregon Live)  Jack Holden is either a big-dreaming businessman whose failure to cash in on the biodiesel wave separated investors from more than $1 million, or he's a skilled con man who used God and greed

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Seaweed Farming: An Alternative Livelihood for Coastal Communities

by Dr Gloria Naa Dzama Addico & Mr Kweku Amoako Atta deGraft-Johnson (Graphic Online)  When one economic activity is on the decline, there is always the natural urge to look for alternatives. That is the situation confronting the coastal communities in

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Uncertainty in RFS Sends the US Ethanol Industry to Overseas Markets: A Report from the National Ethanol Conference, "Going Global"

[caption id="attachment_59831" align="alignleft" width="300"] Renewable Fuels Association President, Bob Dinneen introduces NEC scholarship winner, Lais Thomaz at the National Ethanol Conference.[/caption] by Lais F. Thomaz* (Advanced Biofuels USA)  Last week, from February 17 to 21, the 20th National Ethanol Conference "Going

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The 41 Weirdest Things Ever Used to Make Biofuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Bunnies, liposuction fat, Prince Charles’ leftover wine, day-old whale, the human poo bus, fire ants dipped in hexane, old beer, raging fireballs, vibrating blobs, dope, and even the New Orleans Times-Picayune.  Take your pick and,

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Statoil Employed Judge in Own Legal Dispute

by Erlend Skarsaune (Aftenbladet.no)  The Biofuel entrepreneurs sued Statoil to clear their names of allegations of corruption. The judge in charge was offered a job by Statoil, accepted, and continued working with the case. The aggrieved parties have fought to be cleared

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Bio-Fuel Production Threatens Ghana’s Agriculture – Director

(Ghana Business News)  Mr Cyril T. Quist, Brong Ahafo Regional Director of  Agriculture,  has said mining and biofuel  production in the country posed a threat to agriculture. He said efforts at promoting sustainable food systems were in danger if current

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Agreement Set to Boost Jatropha Growth in Ghana

(Biofuels International)  Ghana-based Smart Oil, active in the production of renewable energy from jatropha curcas and subsidiary of Italian company Smart Oil 2, has signed a license and services agreement with Quinvita, a developer of jatropha as a sustainable bioenergy

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Turning Agriculture into Oil, Bio Oil, That Is

(US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service) The process dates to ancient Egypt. Now, it’s being studied here by the USDA as a way to fuel farms.  Pour a few handfuls of chopped- up corn stalks or switchgrass into a hopper.

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Pilot Facility Launched in Ghana to Transform Human Waste into Renewable Biodiesel Fuel

(EurekAlert!)  To celebrate World Toilet Day on November 19, researchers at Columbia University's Engineering School, working in Ghana with Waste Enterprisers Ltd., the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), and the Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly, are launching a pilot

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Yecch, Ptooey! The 13 Oddest and Strangest Biofuels Feedstocks

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Most of the stories we write at the Digest on the subject of biofuels feedstocks fall into the well-established realms of normal. But every once in  a while, a feedstock emerges that is so compellingly

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Human Waste-to-Biodiesel Plant to Create Sanitation Revolution in Ghana

(JoyOnline)  Human waste could soon be a precious commodity in Kumasi and other parts of the country with an ongoing solution to transform fecal sludge treatment into a profit-making venture. Waste Enterprisers Limited, a sanitation and waste energy company, is replacing

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U.S. Will Lead New Effort to Cut Global Warming from Methane, Soot

by Brian Vastag (The Washington Post)  With global efforts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions stalled, the United States and five other countries are starting a new program to cut other pollutants — including methane, soot and hydrofluorocarbons — that contribute

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VIASPACE Executive Highlights Giant King Grass Advancement & Commercial Opportunities in Africa to Generate Electricity, Manufacture Energy Pellets and Produce Bio-Fuels

(Reuters/VIASPACE)  VIASPACE Executive Highlights Giant King Grass Advancement & Commercial Opportunities in Africa to Generate Electricity, Manufacture Energy Pellets and Produce Bio-Fuels:  Presents at the Biomass West & Central Africa Congress in Ghana VIASPACE, Inc., a clean energy company growing Giant King™

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Implications of Biodiesel-Induced Land-Use Changes for CO2 Emissions: Case Studies in Tropical America, Africa, and Southeast Asia

by Achten, W. M. J., and L. V. Verchot (Ecology and Society)  Biofuels are receiving growing negative attention. Direct and/or indirect land-use changes that result from their cultivation can cause emissions due to carbon losses in soils and biomass and could

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Smallholder Farmers Risk Being Forgotten in Sustainable Biofuels Race

by Maya Thatcher (Center for International Forestry Research)  Smallholder farmers in developing countries risk being left behind in the push to produce sustainable biofuels, deterred by complex and expensive certification schemes, according to a recent CIFOR study. With limited scope to

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China Completes First Biofuel Jet Test Flight

by John C.K. Daly (http://oilprice.com)   On 28 October Air China conducted its first trial flight of a passenger jet powered by a mix of biofuel and traditional aviation fuel. The Jet A-1 biofuel kerosene used in the flight was derived from

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Prof. Chandran Wins Gates Foundation Award

(Columbia University)  Kartik Chandran, an associate professor of Earth and Environmental Engineering at Columbia Engineering, has been awarded $1.5 million from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation for his project to develop a revolutionary new model in water, sanitation, and energy. Working with

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Global Food Crisis, Biofuels and Land Grabs in Ghana

by Bright Owusu  (Ghana mma)  The time has never been riper for the people of Ghana to speak out about the terrible negligence of consecutive governments who have allowed horrendous land grabs by foreign nationals for the production of questionable

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Systematic Use of Fertilizers Can Save Forests, Fight Climate Change

(IITA)  As the world grapples with the challenge of feeding an ever growing population in the face of dwindling natural resources confounded by climate change, findings from a recent research by IITA show that science-based farming methods integrating the systematic

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India’s Firm Plans 25,000 Biofuel Jobs in Ghana - UNDP

(GhanaWeb)  Abellon CleanEnergy Ltd., an Indian renewable energy company, plans to create 25,000 jobs in Ghana and build a factory to produce solid biofuels, the United Nations Development Program said. Ahmedabad-based Abellon will grow crops that require little irrigation such as

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Jatropha - Green Biodiesel from African Tree

by Bård Amundsen/Else Lie. Translation: Darren McKellep/Carol B. Eckmann(The Research Council of Norway)   Jatropha has been championed as a major environmental opportunity for developing countries with a semi-arid climate and marginal soil. Scientist Karl Hilding Thunes of the Norwegian Forest

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Global Consultations on Cassava as Bio-Fuel Open

(Ghana News Agency)  Mr Kwesi Ahwoi, Minister of Food and Agriculture, on Monday noted that the commercial cultivation of cassava as an alternative source of bio-energy, would not compromise Ghana’s agricultural lands or threaten its food security. ...Mr Ahwoi, who was

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VEPOWER Signs Agreement with Jatropha Africa for 50,000 Hectares

(Environment-Expert.com)  VEPOWER Limited has entered into an exclusivity agreement with Jatropha Africa with the goal of financing the Company’s 50,000 hectare plantation in Ghana, West Africa.  VEPOWER will thus secure more than 40,000 tonnes of crude bio-fuel. ...The plantation in Ghana

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Towards Sustainable Biofuel Development: Assessing the Local Impacts of Large-Scale Foreign Land Acquisitions in Ghana

  by George C. Schoneveld, Laura A. German, and Eric Nutakor  (World Bank)  This paper assesses the effectiveness of the Ghanaian legal and institutional framework in managing the trade-offs of large-scale land acquisition, particularly for biofuel feedstock expansion. The research focuses

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equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm 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